The Inhibition of Spores of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> by Cetrimide Retained on Washed Membrane Filters and on the Washed Spores

Chiori, C. O.; Hambleton, R.; Rigby, G. J.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-2672.1965.tb02160.x

Cited by 15 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…Most QACs, including CTAB and its close analogues, are reported to inhibit Firmicutes spore outgrowth but not to have a sporicidal effect (Chiori et al . ; Lambert ). Outgrowth follows the germination of dormant spores, and requires synthesis of both RNA and protein (Setlow et al .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

et al. 2019

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Aims To investigate effects of the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a disinfectant, on spores of Bacillus species. Methods and Results The ability of CTAB to trigger release of Bacillus spores’ large depot of dipicolinic acid (DPA) in a 1 : 1 chelate with Ca2+ (CaDPA), and to kill spores was investigated. CTAB‐triggered CaDPA release from spores of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus and Bacillus megaterium, but was not followed by completion of germination. CaDPA release triggered by CTAB increased at higher temperatures, and was optimal for B. subtilis spores at pH 9·4 and 30 μg ml−1 CTAB. CTAB also killed Bacillus spores as shown by plate counts and vital staining of treated dormant spores, and after their germination. However, B. cereus and B. megaterium spores were more CTAB‐sensitive than were B. subtilis spores. CaDPA release from and killing of CTAB‐treated spores of isogenic B. subtilis mutants lacking germination proteins was also examined, and compared with effects of the well‐known germinant dodecylamine on spores, to determine how CTAB exerts its effects on spores. Conclusions The results of this investigation showed that CTAB kills spores of three Bacillus species, perhaps by damaging the spore inner membrane, although it is also possible that some killing by this agent follows its triggering of spore germination. Significance and Impact of the Study The results of this work indicate that CTAB is also a disinfectant, but also a sporicide, and may be a useful adjunct in spore decontamination, especially at higher temperatures.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

et al. 2019

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“…Chlorhexidine diacetate increases spore hydrophobicity (189) but is not sporicidal (188,190) unless used at high concentrations at high temperatures (77). As with QACs, therefore (38), it is likely that this cationic agent combines strongly with spore coats, but is unable to penetrate into the spore (169).…”

Section: Mechanisms Of Sporicidal Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These include QACs, organomercurials, chlorhexidine, and EtO (35, 148, 181, 190; Lund, Ph.D. dissertation), the first three of which are sporostatic agents, with EtO a sporicidal compound. QACs bind strongly to spores, and simple washing procedures will not remove them (38). QAC-treated spores which are membrane filtered are still prevented from undergoing outgrowth when transferred to an appropriate growth medium (38,181), and a neutralizing medium must be used in conjunction with membrane filtration.…”

Section: Outgrowthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It cannot be emphasized too strongly that adequate neutralization (quenching) of the test chemical must be achieved to prevent sporostasis occurring in subculture media and, consequently, false-negatives (37,78,161,173,176). In brief, neutralization involves (i) diluting the biocide in the recovery medium to a level at which it ceases to have inhibitory activity, (ii) incorporating into the recovery medium a neutralizing agent (antidote) that specifically inactivates the biocide and is itself nontoxic to germination and outgrowth (177), or (iii) removing the biocide by means of a membrane filtration technique, followed by washing the membrane in situ (with, if necessary, an appropriate neutralizing agent, e.g., with QACs [38,181]), and then placing it on the surface of a solid nutrient medium.…”

Section: Sporostatic and Sporicidal Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

1990

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Bacterial spores are among the most resistant of all living cells to biocides, although the response depends on the stage of sporulation. The development of resistance to some agents such as chlorhexidine occurs much earlier in sporulation than does resistance to glutaraldehyde, which is a very late event. During germination or outgrowth or both, resistance is lost and the cells become as susceptible to biocides as nonsporulating bacteria. Mechanisms of spore resistance to, and the action of, biocides are discussed, and possible means of enhancing antispore activity are considered. The clinical and other uses of sporicidal and sporostatic chemical agents are described.

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“…It will also occur when disinfectant molecules become attached to the cell wall of the organism by weak chemical bonds. Washing the organism, or voluminous dilution, with a non-inactivating medium may overcome the former but is quite ineffective against the latter (Chiori, Hambleton & Rigby, 1965).…”

Section: The Problemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants

MacKinnon

1974

J. Hyg.

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SUMMARYSince the earliest days of disinfectant testing bacteriostatic effect has misled many workers in this field. This problem has long been appreciated by some and a considerable battery of neutralizers has been employed, often with great success. Other anti-bacteriostatic measures, used without control, fail to revive damaged though viable organisms.This paper sets out to describe some of the problems that are encountered in this confused field and the means whereby they may be overcome.

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The Inhibition of Spores of Bacillus subtilis by Cetrimide Retained on Washed Membrane Filters and on the Washed Spores

Cited by 15 publications

References 12 publications

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Killing of spores ofBacillusspecies by cetyltrimethylammonium bromide

Bacterial spores and chemical sporicidal agents

The use of inactivators in the evaluation of disinfectants

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