The Impact of Amino Acids on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Kinetics in Humans: A Quantitative Overview

Sloun, Bart van; Goossens, Gijs H.; Erdős, Balázs; Lenz, Michael; Riel, Natal A. W. van; Arts, Ilja C. W.

doi:10.3390/nu12103211

Cited by 23 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 87 publications

(184 reference statements)

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“…Additionally, valine, glutamate and tyrosine were found to be significantly upregulated in pregnant mice in the 3rd trimester. In islets and beta-cell lines, specific amino acids (L-arginine, L-lysine, L-alanine, L-proline, L-leucine, L-valine, L-glutamate and L-glutamine) have been shown to be associated with enhanced insulin secretion under glucose stimulation ( 62 – 66 ). For example, mitochondrial glutamate is involved in glucose-induced insulin exocytosis ( 67 ), and cytosolic glutamate plays a key role in linking glucose metabolism to incretin/cAMP action to amplify insulin secretion ( 68 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Changes in Glucose Homeostasis and Islet Function During Pregnancy: A Targeted Metabolomics Study in Mice

et al. 2022

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ObjectivePregnancy is a dynamic state involving multiple metabolic adaptions in various tissues including the endocrine pancreas. However, a detailed characterization of the maternal islet metabolome in relation to islet function and the ambient circulating metabolome during pregnancy has not been established.MethodsA timed-pregnancy mouse model was studied, and age-matched non-pregnant mice were used as controls. Targeted metabolomics was applied to fasting plasma and purified islets during each trimester of pregnancy. Glucose homeostasis and islet function was assessed. Bioinformatic analyses were performed to reveal the metabolic adaptive changes in plasma and islets, and to identify key metabolic pathways associated with pregnancy.ResultsFasting glucose and insulin were found to be significantly lower in pregnant mice compared to non-pregnant controls, throughout the gestational period. Additionally, pregnant mice had superior glucose excursions and greater insulin response to an oral glucose tolerance test. Interestingly, both alpha and beta cell proliferation were significantly enhanced in early to mid-pregnancy, leading to significantly increased islet size seen in mid to late gestation. When comparing the plasma metabolome of pregnant and non-pregnant mice, phospholipid and fatty acid metabolism pathways were found to be upregulated throughout pregnancy, whereas amino acid metabolism initially decreased in early through mid pregnancy, but then increased in late pregnancy. Conversely, in islets, amino acid metabolism was consistently enriched throughout pregnancy, with glycerophospholid and fatty acid metabolism was only upregulated in late pregnancy. Specific amino acids (glutamate, valine) and lipids (acyl-alkyl-PC, diacyl-PC, and sphingomyelin) were found to be significantly differentially expressed in islets of the pregnant mice compared to controls, which was possibly linked to enhanced insulin secretion and islet proliferation.ConclusionBeta cell proliferation and function are elevated during pregnancy, and this is coupled to the enrichment of islet metabolites and metabolic pathways primarily associated with amino acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. This study provides insight into metabolic adaptive changes in glucose homeostasis and islet function seen during pregnancy, which will provide a molecular rationale to further explore the regulation of maternal metabolism to avoid the onset of pregnancy disorders, including gestational diabetes.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adaptive Changes in Glucose Homeostasis and Islet Function During Pregnancy: A Targeted Metabolomics Study in Mice

et al. 2022

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“…BCAAs are essential for the regulation of anabolic process; their transport is interdependent with other AAs [22]. Leucine rapidly accelerates protein synthesis [48,[57][58]63].…”

Section: The Concentration Of Amino Acids In the Bloodmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After a peak, they decrease back to base levels [45,47]. Anabolic hormones not only stimulate protein synthesis, they inhibit protein breakdown as well [59,63].…”

Section: Metabolic Mechanisms Capable Of Accelerating Translation On ...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Accessibility of Essential Amino Acids, Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Polyproteins, and the Outcomes of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Пономаренко¹

2023

Preprint

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Aim. To identify: a risk factor influencing the development of COVID-19 disease. Compare the amino acid composition of animal and plant proteins with non-structural polyproteins of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. To analyze: the impact of dietary essential amino acids (EAAs) on the development of infectious disease COVID-19. Materials and methods. The scientific data and information needed for this analysis was found in publications and media available on the Internet, as well as taken from statistical databases, using the necessary keywords for a single tag or in various combinations of them. Statistical samples were formed from sources and facts available on the Internet. Amino acid sequences of proteins were obtained from databases (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/, https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/). Results and discussion. Analysis of statistical data and assessment of nutritional factors during the development of the 22-month pandemic in different countries confirmed that the outcome of COVID-19 disease was aggravated by excessive consumption of animal proteins. The number of reported cases of SARS-CoV-2 virus (RPr) infection and deaths (IFR) from COVID-19 disease per one thousand inhabitants was significantly lower in regions with consumed predominantly plant-based foods minimal in EAAs. A positive relationship was found between the pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 and the amount of animal proteins ingested, with correlation coefficients r = 0.83 for RPr and r = 0.61 for IFR. Human coronaviruses contain much more EAAs than cellular organisms. Edible plant proteins contain 2-3 times less leucine, lysine, and especially threonine and valine (LKTV) than SARS-CoV-2 polypeptides. Optimal synthesis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus Pp1a polyprotein requires timely a huge amount of these free four EAAs. Conclusions. The limit of EAAs in food can be a competitive metabolic factor that reduces or inhibits the rate of intracellular synthesis of nonstructural polyproteins of SARS-CoV-2 virions. Deficiency of EAAs, especially free valine and threonine, can suppress the early translation of SARS-CoV-2 virus proteins. A diet low in EAAs and especially LKTV may prevent rapid, highly productive viral replication and pathogenic development of COVID-19.

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“…Another component of nutritional management is to improve safety in patients with PBH by adequate correction of hypoglycemic events. Previous research suggests that glucose co-ingested with amino acids induces a metabolic environment that could be favorable for PBH patients due to elevated glucagon levels ( 21 , 26 ). However, it currently remains speculative whether combinations of amino acids with glucose could offer more suitable and sustainable hypoglycemia correction strategies.…”

Section: Nutritional Management Of Postbariatric Hypoglycemiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Digital Solutions to Diagnose and Manage Postbariatric Hypoglycemia

et al. 2022

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Postbariatric hypoglycemia (PBH) is an increasingly recognized late metabolic complication of bariatric surgery, characterized by low blood glucose levels 1–3 h after a meal, particularly if the meal contains rapid-acting carbohydrates. PBH can often be effectively managed through appropriate nutritional measures, which remain the cornerstone treatment today. However, their implementation in daily life continues to challenge both patients and health care providers. Emerging digital technologies may allow for more informed and improved decision-making through better access to relevant data to manage glucose levels in PBH. Examples include applications for automated food analysis from meal images, digital receipts of purchased food items or integrated platforms allowing the connection of continuously measured glucose with food and other health-related data. The resulting multi-dimensional data can be processed with artificial intelligence systems to develop prediction algorithms and decision support systems with the aim of improving glucose control, safety, and quality of life of PBH patients. Digital innovations, however, face trade-offs between user burden vs. amount and quality of data. Further challenges to their development are regulatory non-compliance regarding data ownership of the platforms acquiring the required data, as well as user privacy concerns and compliance with regulatory requirements. Through navigating these trade-offs, digital solutions could significantly contribute to improving the management of PBH.

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The Impact of Amino Acids on Postprandial Glucose and Insulin Kinetics in Humans: A Quantitative Overview

Cited by 23 publications

References 87 publications

Adaptive Changes in Glucose Homeostasis and Islet Function During Pregnancy: A Targeted Metabolomics Study in Mice

Adaptive Changes in Glucose Homeostasis and Islet Function During Pregnancy: A Targeted Metabolomics Study in Mice

Accessibility of Essential Amino Acids, Synthesis of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Polyproteins, and the Outcomes of COVID-19 Pathogenesis

Digital Solutions to Diagnose and Manage Postbariatric Hypoglycemia

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