Summary Aim. Analyze the impact of several economic and social factors on the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, comparing the latest statistics in large and representative samples. Assess the factors inhibiting the negative consequences of the infectious process of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Materials and methods. To create this review, the required academic and media publications also statistical data were found on the Internet for the selected keywords, both for a single tag and in various combinations of them. Population statistics have been created on the base of data available on the Internet. Results and discussion. The relationship between economic or social factors and the impacts of the 15-month COVID-19 pandemic in different regions was investigated using a variety of available statistics for five continents and 53 countries. A positive relationship was found between the consequences of the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic and GDP per capita or the type of human diet with correlation coefficients in the range of 0.48-0.87. The development of the viral epidemic demonstrates a less clear correlation on population density from r = -0.68 to r = -0.16, depending on the selected group of countries. For island nations, geographic isolation was the dominant defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Conclusions. An analytical and quantitative study of economic or social aspects and numerous statistics on the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, carried out on large representative samples, showed that, the productive infection and pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2, critically increase with an excessive amount of consumed proteins and fats. To successfully control of the progression COVID-19 disease, the WHO guidelines for the amount of macronutrients consumed should be followed. This cost-effective approach will reduce health care expenditures in all countries during the epidemic.

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Thylakoid energization by light causes destabilization of CF H CF I so that the peripheral CF I sector is more readily detached from the membrane by intermediate concentrations of the chaotropic salt NaSCN. Here we have investigated the correlation between the proton gradient-induced change of CF H CF I interaction and CF H CF I activation. The results indicate a close relationship between the two phenomena. The effect is most probably due to reduction of the electrostatic interaction between the two subcomplexes CF H and CF I as a consequence of protonations in the interface region.z 1999 Federation of European Biochemical Societies.

The γ-subunits of chloroplast ATP synthases are about 30 amino acids longer than the bacterial or mitochondrial homologous proteins. This additional sequence is located in the mean part of the polypeptide chain and includes in green algae and higher plants two cysteines (Cys198 and Cys204 in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii) responsible for thiol regulation. In order to investigate its functional significance, a segment ranging from Asp-D210 to Arg-226 in the γ-subunit of chloroplast ATP synthase from C. reinhardtii was deleted. This deletion mutant called T2 grows photoautotrophically, but slowly than the parental strain. The chloroplast ATP synthase complex with the mutated γ is assembled, membrane bound, and as CF 0 CF 1 displays normal ATPase activity, but photophosphorylation is inhibited by about 20 %. This inhibition is referred to lower light-induced transmembrane proton gradient. Reduction of the proton gradient is apparently caused by a disturbed functional connection between CF 1 and CF 0 effecting a partially leaky ATP synthase complex.

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