Two conserved charged amino acids of the N-terminal 'crown' region of the a subunit of £. coli-Fh a-D36 and a-R40 were exchanged for chemically related (~D36 --, E, a-R40--, K) or unrelated amino acids (a-D36-, K, ~R40--, G), respectively, by employing oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis. ATP formation and ATP hydrolyzing activity of isolated plasma membrane vesicles was strongly inhibited in mutant HS2 (a-D36--, K), but only slightly affected in the other mutants. The Inhibition is not due to a lower content of FoFI in HS2. In this mutant the extent of the proton gradient generated by ATP hydrolysis was more than 80% Inhibited; in all other transformants much smaller effects were observed. The proton gradient established by NADH oxidation w~,s 33% decreased in HS2, hut was decreased to a lesser extcnt in all other mutants. After blockage of Fo by DCCD treatment, the same NADH-induced proton gradient was obtained in all transformants Including HS2. This and the fact that the activity of NADH oxidation was unchanged indicate increased proton leakiness of FoF1 carrying the a-D36---~K mutation. In F1 ~D36 is located in a domain contacting the subunit in the vicinity of the arginine ~-R52. The effect of a-D36--* K replacement on catalysis and coupling thus may be due to an electrostatic repulsive effect in the crown region which alters the a and [3 subunit interaction.