The effects of urban driving conditions on the operating characteristics of conventional and hybrid electric city buses

Evaluating Nitrogen Oxides and Ultrafine Particulate Matter Emission Features of Urban Bus Based on Real-World Driving Conditions in the Yangtze River Delta Area, China

“…The average emission rates by different operating modes based on the second-by-second test profiles of bus is presented in Figure 4. In general, the average NOx emission rates for all the emission standard categories increase with VSP at both speed ranges [27,28] 3.5. Impact of Traffic Conditions Figure 5 presents the relationship between the relative NOx and PM emission factors and average speeds during all 1 min traffic episodes to illustrate the impact of traffic congestion on buses emissions.…”

Optimization of Static and Dynamic Charging Infrastructure for Electric Buses

“…Literature related to the operation of electric buses has a growing body. Most studies focus on technology [6,7], environmental aspects [8][9][10][11], energy management [12][13][14][15], and cost-benefit analysis [16][17][18]. Recently, research has been increasingly done in the field of optimal charging infrastructure deployment for electric buses.…”

“…If the route of the bus line i does not contain network component j, the values of e − i,j and e + i,j equal 0. The total energy consumption of one bus during one turn of bus line i (E − i ) is calculated as a row sum, according to Equation (6).…”

Development of PN emission factors for the real world urban driving conditions of a hybrid city bus

“…The developments in common rail fuel injection technology, which creates a series of pre-mixed combustion events, have significantly reduced engine-out particle emission in the past decade, but turbo-lag during sudden engine loadings is still concern for particle formation as it limits intake air flow rate [8][9][10]. For this reason, the operating conditions of city buses can have a dramatic impact on their particle emissions; depending on the traffic and road conditions, which typically involve many short trips with frequent accelerations and decelerations along various road grades, the quantity of the particle emissions can rapidly change by an order of magnitude [11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. Therefore, it is crucial to understand the effects of driving conditions and engine operating parameters on particle emissions to develop strategies and models for predicting and minimizing particle emissions.…”