“…Because of the observed relation between exaggerated cardiovascular responses to stress and these disease endpoints, researchers have examined several methods aimed at reducing one's cardiovascular reactions to stress, including cognitive (Grimm & Kanfer, 1976;Houston & Holmes, 1976), behavioral (Ewart, Burnett, & Taylor, 1983;Kirsch & Henry, 1979), and physiological interventions (Goleman & Schwartz, 1976;Lehrer, 1978;Sawada & Steptoe, 1988). Among studies aimed at reducing the magnitude of cardiovascular reactions to stress, those employing HR feedback training with both animals (Ainslie & Engel, 1974;Engel & Chism, 1967;Engel & Gottlieb, 1970;Engel & Hansen, 1966) and humans (Goldstein, Ross, & Brady, 1977;Larkin, Manuck, & Kasprowicz, 1989;Larkin, Manuck, & Kasprowicz, 1990;Larkin, Zayfert, Veltum, & Abel, 1992b;Perski & Engel, 1980;Sirota, Schwartz, & Shapiro, 1974) have demonstrated the most consistent reductions in HR responses to stressors when participants are trained to reduce HR during the presentation of a stressor.…”