The Dolly case, the Polly drug, and the morality of human cloning

Schramm, Fermín Roland

doi:10.1590/s0102-311x1999000500007

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Therefore, goats are more suitable as a biologic mammary reactor for the large-scale production of rhLF given that goat milk has been reported to contain smaller fat globules and a distinct casein composition relative to bovine milk, making it less allergenic (37,38). At present, many transgenic animals are produced via SCNT or pronucleus microinjection, including sheep (39), goats (40,41), cows (42), mice (43) and rabbits (44). The success rate of SCNT remains low and varies based upon factors such as the vector used, the source of recipient and donor cells, the exact SCnT protocol employed, and the influence of exogenous genes on embryonic development (45-47).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The goat β‑casein/CMV chimeric promoter drives the expression of hLF in transgenic goats produced by cell transgene microinjection

et al. 2019

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There is growing interest in the application of lactoferrin (LF) as a drug or food additive for animals and humans. The objective of this study was to produce transgenic cloned goats that would serve as living bioreactors, expressing high levels of recombinant human LF (rhLF) in their milk. We designed a pCL25 expression vector containing goat β-casein/CMV chimeric promoter in order to facilitate rhLF expression. This pCL25-rhLF-Neo vector was microinjected into goat fetal fibroblasts. G418 selection and PCR analysis were used to identify transgenic donor cells suitable for somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT). After SCNT and embryo transplantation, goats harboring the hLF gene were produced, as confirmed via PCR and southern blotting. The average rhLF concentration in milk from this transgenic goat was 3.89 mg/ml as determined via ELISA. We also used an optimized buffer in order to effectively elute high-purity (95.8%) rhLF from a cation-exchange column, with the recovered rhLF exhibiting high biological activity. Findings from this study demonstrated that it is possible to generate a transgenic goat harboring the hLF transgene driven by the goat β-casein/CMV chimeric promoter. It represents an initial step towards the production of rhLF, potentially allowing for industrialized purification in the future.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The goat β‑casein/CMV chimeric promoter drives the expression of hLF in transgenic goats produced by cell transgene microinjection

et al. 2019

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“…Future prospects of human cloning technology loom close with the successful cloning of sheep and cows (196) in recent years, and cloning might one day provide perfectly matched ‘isogeneic’ human islets for transplantation. However, there are enormous and insurmountable ethical hurdles to overcome (197–199). The ultimate challenge in islet transplantation will be to develop alternate tissue sources that no longer rely on this scarce resource, and this development will be essential, if sufficient insulin‐producing, glucose‐responsive cells are to treat the 130 million patients with diabetes worldwide.…”

Section: Future Donor and Cell Sources For β‐Cell Replacementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical islet transplant: current and future directions towards tolerance

Shapiro

Nanji

Lakey

2003

Immunological Reviews

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The ultimate goal of islet transplantation is to completely correct the diabetic state from an unlimited donor source, without the need for chronic immunosuppressive drug therapy. Although islet transplantation provides an opportunity to develop innovative strategies for tolerance in the clinic, both alloimmune and autoimmune barriers must be controlled, if stable graft function is to be maintained long-term. After islet extraction from the pancreas, the cellular graft may be stored in tissue culture or cryopreserved for banking, providing an opportunity not only to optimally condition the recipient but also to allow in vitro immunologic manipulation of the graft before transplantation, unlike solid organ grafts. As such, islets may be considered a "special case." Remarkable progress has occurred in the last three years, with dramatic improvements in outcomes after clinical islet transplantation. The introduction of a steroid-free, sirolimus-based, anti-rejection protocol and islets prepared from two (or rarely three) donors led to high rates of insulin independence. The "Edmonton Protocol" has been successfully replicated by other centers in an international multicenter trial. A number of key refinements in pancreas transportation, processing, purification on non-ficoll-based media, storage of islets in culture for two days and newer immunological conditioning and induction therapies have led to continued advancement through extensive collaboration between key centers. This review outlines the historical development of islet transplantation over the past 30 years, provides an update on current clinical outcomes, and summarizes a series of unique opportunities for development and early testing of tolerance protocols in patients.

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“…Indeed, the Universal Declaration on the Human Genome and Human Rights refers, implicitly, to the precautionary principle in a global context, when banning reproductive human cloning, arguing that such an activity was prejudicial to human dignity 44 , and imposing the universal duty of respect for human dignity, as cloning, by interfering in the intrinsic finalism of natural processes, [would prove morally] bad in itself 45 . In other words, the arguments against human cloning do not take into account a therapeutic or preventive medium to be used in cases of actual need or legitimate wishes 46 .…”

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Princípio de precaução e nanotecnociências

Tavares

Schramm

2015

Rev. Bioét.

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The rapid development of the nano-techno-sciences and the belief that they represent threats to the survival of the planet have led groups of organized civil society to request moratoria on nano-techno-scientific research, based on the principle of precaution. This article takes off from the finding that this principle provokes debates around its concept, its form of application and its bioethical implications. Here terms such as "risk", "danger", "uncertainty", "ignorance", "prevention" and "precaution" are confounded as synonyms which can lead to policy decisions that are at times "exaggerated". Applied almost always as a measure of stewardship of the environment, the principle of precaution has become an important regulatory principle of the techno-sciences, because it is believed that together with the potential benefits, they bring threats to life on the planet. The techno-sciences are not autonomous, but rather entities conceived, created and managed by human beings. Thus there is no way to attribute an inherent risk to any and all techno-scientific products. Keywords: Bioethics. Precaution. Nanotechnology. Risk management. Resumo Princípio de precaução e nanotecnociênciasO rápido desenvolvimento das nanotecnociências e a crença de que representam ameaças à sobrevivência no planeta têm levado grupos da sociedade civil organizada a pedir moratória para as pesquisas nanotecnocientíficas, baseando-se no princípio de precaução. Constata-se que esse princípio suscita debates em torno do conceito, da sua forma de aplicação e de suas implicações bioéticas. Alguns termos como "risco", "perigo", "dano", "incerteza", "ignorância", "prevenção" e "precaução" são tomados como sinônimos, o que pode levar a decisões políticas por vezes "exageradas". Aplicado quase sempre como medida de tutela do meio ambiente, o princípio de precaução tem se tornado importante instrumento regulatório das tecnociências, por se acreditar que, junto com os potenciais benefícios, trazem ameaças à vida e ao planeta. As tecnociências não são entes autônomos, mas, sim, pensados, criados e manejados pelo ser humano. Portanto, não há que atribuir um risco inerente a todo e qualquer produto tecnocientífico. Palavras-chave: Bioética. Precaução. Nanotecnologia. Gestão de riscos. Resumen Principio de precaución y nanotecnocienciasEl rápido desarrollo de las nanotecnociencias y la creencia de que representan amenazas a la supervivencia en el planeta, ha llevado a grupos de la sociedad civil organizada a pedir una moratoria para las investigaciones nanotecnocientíficas, en base al principio de precaución. El artículo parte de la constatación de que este principio suscita debates en torno del concepto, su forma de aplicación y sus implicaciones bioéticas. Algunos términos como "riesgo", "peligro", "daño", "incertidumbre", "ignorancia", "prevención" y "precaución" son confundidos como sinónimos, lo que puede conducir a decisiones políticas, a veces, "exageradas". Aplicado casi siempre como medida de tutela del medio ambiente, el principio de prec...

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The Dolly case, the Polly drug, and the morality of human cloning

Abstract: The year 1996 witnessed the cloning of the lamb Dolly, based on the revolutionary somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) technique, developed by researchers from the Roslin

Cited by 5 publications

References 14 publications

The goat β‑casein/CMV chimeric promoter drives the expression of hLF in transgenic goats produced by cell transgene microinjection

The goat β‑casein/CMV chimeric promoter drives the expression of hLF in transgenic goats produced by cell transgene microinjection

Clinical islet transplant: current and future directions towards tolerance

Princípio de precaução e nanotecnociências

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