The burden of COVID-19 in Brazil is greater in areas with high social deprivation

Souza, Carlos Dornels Freire de; Carmo, Rodrigo Feliciano do; Machado, Michael Ferreira

doi:10.1093/jtm/taaa145

Cited by 31 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…In a study carried out in Bahia, the high burden of the disease was associated with the worst living conditions of the population, whose lethality was 1.4 times higher in municipalities with high social vulnerability when compared to those with low social deprivation ( de Souza et al, 2020a ). This context reflects the need to consider the social determinants of health in plans for coping with the disease ( de Souza et al, 2020a ; de Souza et al, 2020b ; Ferreira dos Santos et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first death was registered on March 17 of the same year ( Boletim COE COVID-19 no. 13, 2020 ; de Souza et al, 2020a ). Initially, the disease reached the large urban centers of the country and from these, it started a process of interiorization, reaching the poorest municipalities of Brazil ( de Souza et al, 2020b ), where the limited healthcare network soon collapsed 6 ( Rache, Rocha, Nunes, Spinola, Malik, Massuda ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

Souza

Machado

Silva³

et al. 2021

Journal of Transport & Health

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Introduction The high transmissibility and infectivity of the new coronavirus, the high proportion of asymptomatic transmitters and the rapid and continuous spatial displacement of people, by the different mechanisms of locomotion, are elements that can contribute to the dissemination of COVID-19. This study aims to describe the geographical dispersion of COVID-19 in the state of Bahia and the importance of major airports and highways in the dynamics of disease transmission. Methods This is an ecological study involving all cases of COVID-19 registered in the state of Bahia between March 6, date of the first registered case and May 16, 2020. After collection, an exploratory spatial analysis was performed, considering the cases accumulated on the last day of each epidemiological week. Results The first cases of COVID-19 were concentrated in areas served by three important airport complexes in the state, located in Salvador, Ilhéus and Porto Seguro. From week 16–20, there was a more intense expansion of COVID-19 to the interior of the state. A global spatial autocorrelation was observed (I Moran 0.2323; p = 0.01), with the influence of distance: positive correlation at distances less than 205.8 km (I Moran 0.040; p = 0.01) and greater than 800 km (I Moran 0.080; p = 0.01). Conclusions Based on the spatial dispersion pattern of COVID-19 in the state of Bahia, airports and highways that cross the state were responsible for the interiorization of the disease.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

Souza

Machado

Silva³

et al. 2021

Journal of Transport & Health

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“…A worse scenario has been witnessed in South America, especially in Brazil, Ecuador, Argentina, Chile, and Peru, which recently reported the highest number of cases of COVID-19 in the region ( Saavedra-Velasco, 2020 ). In this sense, it has been hypothesized that such countries possibly experienced an aggravated COVID-19 pandemic due to socioeconomic ( de Sousa et al, 2020 ; Martins-FiIho et al, 2020 ) and health factors, such as other ongoing epidemics like dengue fever. Indeed, COVID-19/dengue co-infection has been reported in endemic and even in non-endemic countries, the consequences of such co-infection being mostly unknown at this point ( Butt et al, 2020 ; Estofolete et al, 2020 ; Lazzarini et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Clinical and biochemical parameters of COVID-19 patients with prior or active dengue fever

et al. 2021

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Highlights The SARS-CoV-2 and dengue syndemic is a reality in several countries worldwide. Prior dengue infection did not impact clinical parameters of COVID-19 patients. Active dengue fever worsened the pulmonary function of COVID-19 patients. Active and prior dengue infection were associated with an increase in blood glucose levels.

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“…Although the current tests have a delay of many days to present the results, many rapid-molecular point of care tests for detecting positive patients to SARS-CoV-2 are in development (Ahmad et al, 2020), so the delay in test results can be overcome. However, our model does not take into account social inequity in accessing testing (Souza, Carmo, & Machado, 2020; Martins-Filho et al, 2020). Some strategies could be considered to reduce the testing costs like pooling samples for testing (Abid et al, 2020) or concentrating the tests in neighborhood where sewege systems were tested positive (Foladori et al, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since then, Brazil has reported the largest number of cases in Latin America (4,238,446 reported cases and 129,522 deaths as of 11 September 2020) (Ministério da Saúde do Brasil, 2020). SARS-CoV-2 spread rapidly within Brazil (Carmo et al, 2020), often associated with urban centers with social deprivation (Souza et al, 2020) and has now been detected in the majority of the 27 federal states of Brazil. Using transmission pairs of SARS-CoV-2 reported to the Brazilian Ministry of Health, the mean and standard deviation for the serial interval was estimated to be 2.97 and 3.29 days respectively (Prete et al, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Test, Trace and Quarantine Strategy to Control the COVID-19 Epidemic in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

Amaku

Covas

Coutinho

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Testing for detecting the infection by SARS-CoV-2 is the bridge between the lockdown and the opening of society. In this paper we modelled and simulated a test-trace-and-quarantine strategy to control the COVID-19 outbreak in the State of São Paulo, Brasil. The State of São Paulo failed to adopt an effective social distancing strategy, reaching at most 59% in late March and started to relax the measures in late June, dropping to 41% in 08 August. Therefore, São Paulo relies heavily on a massive testing strategy in the attempt to control the epidemic.Two alternative strategies combined with economic evaluations were simulated. One strategy included indiscriminately testing the entire population of the State, reaching more than 40 million people at a maximum cost of 2.25 billion USD, that would reduce the total number of cases by the end of 2020 by 90%. The second strategy investigated testing only symptomatic cases and their immediate contacts – this strategy reached a maximum cost of 150 million USD but also reduced the number of cases by 90%.The conclusion is that if the State of São Paulo had decided to adopt the simulated strategy on April the 1st, it would have been possible to reduce the total number of cases by 90% at a cost of 2.25 billion US dollars for the indiscriminate strategy but at a much smaller cost of 125 million US dollars for the selective testing of symptomatic cases and their contacts.

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The burden of COVID-19 in Brazil is greater in areas with high social deprivation

Cited by 31 publications

References 5 publications

Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

Airports, highways and COVID-19: An analysis of spatial dynamics in Brazil

Clinical and biochemical parameters of COVID-19 patients with prior or active dengue fever

Modelling the Test, Trace and Quarantine Strategy to Control the COVID-19 Epidemic in the State of São Paulo, Brazil

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