The Advertisement Call ofChiasmocleis bassleri(Anura, Microhylidae) from Southern Amazon, Mato Grosso, Brazil

High resolution images for Phylogeny, taxonomic revision, and character evolution of the genera Chiasmocleis and Syncope (Anura, Microhylidae) in Amazonia, with descriptions of three new species.

“…Santana et al (2009) presented a discussion of known calls and summarized the main call parameters in a table. Data summarized by Santana et al (2009) revealed that calls were described idiosyncratically and consequently descriptions are not, in many cases, directly comparable. We attempted to conduct a standardized comparison among available calls of species of Chiasmocleis treated here.…”

Phylogeny, Taxonomic Revision, and Character Evolution of the GeneraChiasmocleisandSyncope(Anura, Microhylidae) in Amazonia, with Descriptions of Three New Species

“…This call structure has been argued to be a putative synapomorphy uniting members of Chiasmocleis (Hartmann et al, 2002), but Santana et al (2009) found the call structure to be very different in C. mantiqueira (unfortunately C. mantiqueira was never included in a phylogeny of the genus). Up to this point, the calls of several species remain unknown and further investigation is needed to assess whether call structure is a synapomorphy of Chiasmocleis or the call found in C. mantiqueira is a single exception (autapomorphy).…”

“…CALL AND TADPOLES: The advertisement call of C. bassleri has been previously described by Santana et al (2009) SVL of the male holotype 9.4 mm (Nelson, 1975) and 10.9-11.7 mm in the two female paratypes (N 5 2: Nelson, 1975 barely visible, tip of FIII pointed; FIV almost not distinguishable; fingers slightly fringed; palmar tubercles not present; relative finger lengths IV,II,III. Four toes visible, TI not visible; toes only slightly fringed, not webbed; tips of toes slightly expanded, especially in TIII-TIV, tips of TIII-TIV pointed.…”

“…Despite the similar structure of most Chiasmocleis advertisement calls, usually composed of a series of multipulsed notes (Santana et al, 2009; but see Santana et al, 2012, for the peculiar call of C. mantiqueira), many diagnostic characters can still be extracted from analyses of well-recorded advertisement calls (i.e., call rate, number of pulses, frequency data).…”

“…Together with its sister taxon Syncope Walker, 1973, they form a clade including 28 species, distributed in Panama and tropical South America east of the Andes. 1 Several species of Chiasmocleis and Syncope were only recently described and some authors independently reported considerable amounts of morphological and acoustic (Morales and McDiarmid, 2009;Santana et al, 2009) variation among species and populations, adding to the suspicion that diversity in the group is underestimated.…”