Testing local cocoa selections in Sulawesi: (ii) resistance to stem canker and pod rot (black pod) caused by Phytophthora palmivora

Purwantara, Agus; McMahon, Peter; Susilo, Agung Wahyu; Sukamto, Sri; Mulia, Sahardi; Nurlaila,; Saftar, Ashar; Purung, Hussin bin; Lambert, Smilja; Keane, P. J.; Guest, David

doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2015.07.005

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Symptoms of canker are the formation of reddish water-soaked lesions with dark brown to black margins, and in some cases, reddish-brown liquid oozed from these lesions, usually through cracks in the bark [ 143 , 144 ]. In Sulawesi, incidence and severity of stem canker in cocoa by Ppal increases during the wet season, especially in more susceptible genotypes [ 145 ]. Okey and colleagues [ 146 ] demonstrated a strong correlation between bark hardness and moisture content with canker resistance to Ppal in greenhouse studies.…”

Section: Cocoa Diseases By P Palmivora (Ppal)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction

Perrine‐Walker

2020

JoF

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Phytophthora palmivora (Butler) is an hemibiotrophic oomycete capable of infecting over 200 plant species including one of the most economically important crops, Theobroma cacao L. commonly known as cocoa. It infects many parts of the cocoa plant including the pods, causing black pod rot disease. This review will focus on P. palmivora’s ability to infect a plant host to cause disease. We highlight some current findings in other Phytophthora sp. plant model systems demonstrating how the germ tube, the appressorium and the haustorium enable the plant pathogen to penetrate a plant cell and how they contribute to the disease development in planta. This review explores the molecular exchange between the oomycete and the plant host, and the role of plant immunity during the development of such structures, to understand the infection of cocoa pods by P. palmivora isolates from Papua New Guinea.

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Section: Cocoa Diseases By P Palmivora (Ppal)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction

Perrine‐Walker

2020

JoF

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“…Few farmers ferment their beans, largely due to lack of knowledge, access to markets and bean quality. International donor programs in collaboration with the national and provincial governments have been implemented to address these problems, particularly participatory approaches to pest and disease management (McMahon et al, 2006(McMahon et al, , 2009 and the development of improved cocoa clones (McMahon et al, 2015;Purwantara et al, 2015;Susilo and Anita-Sari, 2011).…”

Section: Ijse 4710mentioning

confidence: 99%

Determinants of diversification by cocoa smallholders in Sulawesi

Irfany

McMahon

Toribio

et al. 2020

IJSE

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PurposeThe aim of this study was to evaluate determinants of four diversification practises by cocoa smallholders in West Sulawesi, Indonesia: (1) growing other crops, (2) keeping livestock, (3) off-farm work for wages (4) off-farm self-employment, and the impact of diversification on welfare of community members.Design/methodology/approachHousehold interviews (n = 116) conducted in two subdistricts (Anreapi and Mapilli) of Polewali-Mandar District, West Sulawesi, provided quantitative data on household characteristics, crop and livestock production, income sources, expenditure and credit access. Two villages per subdistrict were included in the study, each producing cocoa as the main crop but differing in their proximity to a market town. Logistic regression was applied to identify determinants of diversification by households. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models evaluated the impact of diversification practices and other explanatory variables on two proxies of welfare (or household wealth): per capita value of durable assets (household assets other than land or livestock) and per capita expenditure for each household.FindingsMean per capita cocoa production in the sample was low (51 kg dry beans/annum). The mean dependency ratio (proportion of household occupants age <18 and >64) was 35%, with an average of five occupants per household. Household heads were predominantly male (95%), averaging 46 yo and 7 years of formal education. Most households (72%) depended on loans, but only 24% accessed formal loans. Significant determinants of diversification practices were access to formal credit for self-employment and subdistrict for livestock, with Mapilli subdistrict households more likely to keep livestock. Household predictors in the MLR accounted for 28% variation of the dependent, per capita value of durable goods. Off-farm self-employment and raising livestock significantly improved welfare, but growing other crops or off-farm work for wages had little effect. Other household variables demonstrated to have significant positive effects on welfare were education of the household head, proximity to a market town and land area per household.Research limitations/implicationsThe study was restricted to a relatively small sample size (n = 116). Studies including panel data or larger numbers of households could enable the identification of further determinants of diversification.Practical implicationsThe study demonstrates that diversification has the potential to improve rural livelihoods, but that obstacles, especially formal credit access, may deter poorer households from diversifying their income sources.Social implicationsPrograms and policies that facilitate access to formal finance by smallholders could encourage diversification into small business and improve livelihoods in cocoa-dependent communities.Originality/valueIn the light of the decline in cocoa farm productivity in West Sulawesi, the study demonstrates the potential benefits, as well as limitations, of income diversification by smallholders.

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“…Walaupun demikian, beberapa varietas kakao mampu melakukan penyerbukan sendiri dan menghasilkan jenis komoditi dengan nilai jual yang lebih tinggi (Barmawi, Indra, and Hakim 2019) Sarungisasi atau tindakan membungkus buah Kakao menjadi metode yang dapat diterapkan petani Kakao menghadapi serangan Organisme Pengganggu Tanaman (OPT) khususnya Hama Penggerek Buah Kakao (PBK) (McMahon et al 2015;Vanhove, Vanhoudt, and Van Damme 2016). Sarungisasi dilakukan dengan membungkus bakal buah kakao yang baru berdiameter 7 hingga 9 cm dengan plastik, sehingga hama PBK tidak dapat meletakkan telur pada kulit buah kakao (Purwantara et al 2015;Valenzuela et al 2014) Permintaan biji kakao terus meningkat, terutama dari Amerika Serikat dan negaranegara Eropa Barat. Berbagai negara tersebut dikenal sebagai produsen makanan yang menggunakan kakao sebagai komponen utamanya.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Analisis Produksi Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Kakao Menggunakan Metode Sarungisasi Di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi

Evayulitasari¹,

Lamusa²,

Christoporus³

2020

agrolandnasional

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Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk: Mengetahui faktor-faktor produksi usahatani tanaman kakao menggunakan metode sarungisasi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamtan Sigi Biromaru dan Mengetahui pengaruh penggunaan sarungisasi pada buah kakao terhadap produksi di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru. Metode penelitian yang digunakan yaitu Metode sampel jenuh atau sensus untuk memperoleh data primer dan observasi lapangan setelah itu dilakukan pengambilan data sekunder. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanyak 70 KK. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan: probabilitas p = 0,000 < 0,05 (α = 5 %) uji dua arah, membuktikan menolak hipotesis nol, artinya variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, teknologi sarungisasi secara simultan (bersama-sama) mempengaruhi produksi biji kakao di Desa Sidondo I. Koefisien determinan (R2) yang disesuaikan sebesar 0,555 menunjukkan bahwa variasi produksi usahatani kakao dipengaruhi oleh variabel bebas jumlah tanaman produktif, pupuk NPK, jumlah tenaga kerja, dan teknologi sarungisasi sedangkan sisanya 44,5% disebabkan oleh variabel lain yang tidak dimasukkan dalam model misalnya faktor iklim, kesuburan tanah, dan lain-lain. Variabel jumlah tanaman produktif, Pupuk NPK, Jumlah Tenaga Kerja, dan Teknologi Sarungisasi berpengaruh nyata terhadap produksi kakao di Desa Sidondo I pada taraf kepercayaan 95% uji dua arah, dan Penerimaan rata-rata usahatani kakao yaitu Rp. 23.383.771/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 21.066.461/ ha/tahun dan biaya total rata-rata usahatani kakao adalah Rp. 6.046.544/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 5.447.337/ ha / tahun, pendapatan rata-rata usaha kakao adalah Rp. 17.337.227/ 1,11 ha / tahun atau Rp. 15.619.123/ha /tahun.

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Testing local cocoa selections in Sulawesi: (ii) resistance to stem canker and pod rot (black pod) caused by Phytophthora palmivora

Cited by 12 publications

References 22 publications

Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction

Phytophthora palmivora–Cocoa Interaction

Determinants of diversification by cocoa smallholders in Sulawesi

Analisis Produksi Dan Pendapatan Usahatani Kakao Menggunakan Metode Sarungisasi Di Desa Sidondo I Kecamatan Sigi Biromaru Kabupaten Sigi

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