Ta and Nb co-doped TiO₂ and its carbon-hybrid materials for supporting Pt–Pd alloy electrocatalysts for PEM fuel cell oxygen reduction reaction

Abstract

The addition of Ta0.01Nb0.03Ti0.96O2 improves the electrocatalytic activity and stability of carbon for the oxygen reduction reaction.

Carbon-Supported Pt-Based Alloy Electrocatalysts for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction in Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cells: Particle Size, Shape, and Composition Manipulation and Their Impact to Activity

“…Therefore, there have been some research efforts in developing novel supports that are more durable than carbon by using composite support or ceramic support. 51 However, this review only focuses on the assessment of carbon-supported Pt-based alloy electrocatalysts.…”

“…33−35,47−49 In the past several decades, diverse experimental methods have been proposed to synthesize size-dependent, carbon-supported, Ptbased alloy nanoparticle catalysts in a variety of shapes, such as rod, wire, polyhedron, dendrite, dimmer, belt, star, and cage. 11 These experimental strategies have included (1) controlling the size of Pt-based nanocatalysts within a small range of 3−5n m to yield a high electrochemical active area and catalytic activity, (2) controlling the shape of Pt-based catalysts to give more complex morphologies (e.g., a dendritic morphology), (3) obtaining high-index facets in nanocatalysts favoring high activity and stability for fuel cell applications, (4) designing controlled architectures (e.g., textured structure, such as core− shell, Pt skin, or Pt monolayer) for Pt-based catalysts, (5) developing new support materials with high conductivity, chemical stability, and surface area, 50,51 and (6) achieving a uniform distribution of Pt or Pt-alloy nanoparticles on advanced support materials with high conductivity.…”

Titanium–tantalum oxide as a support for Pd nanoparticles for the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline electrolytes

“…TiO 2 has been recognized as a versatile material, easy to produce and with a wide variety of applications (solar cells, degradation of organic pollutants, electrocatalysts supports, etc.) [31][32][33][34][35]. It features relatively low cost, non-toxicity, photostability, and inertness [31,34].…”

“…[31][32][33][34][35]. It features relatively low cost, non-toxicity, photostability, and inertness [31,34]. However, depending on the application, increasing the electrical conductivity of TiO 2 is necessary.…”

“…However, depending on the application, increasing the electrical conductivity of TiO 2 is necessary. Heating TiO 2 in a reducing atmosphere or doping with cations of higher valence (transition metals) are strategies usually pursued to enhance the electrical conductivity; however, at the expense of the specific surface area [34][35][36][37][38]. Several authors have introduced different dopants such as Nb, W, V, Ta, etc., by different methods to enhance the electronic conductivity maintaining an adequate surface area [34,35,37,39,40] [42].…”