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Summary The all‐vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) is emerging as a promising technology for large‐scale energy storage systems due to its scalability and flexibility, high round‐trip efficiency, long durability, and little environmental impact. As the degradation rate of the VRFB components is relatively low, less attention has been paid in terms of VRFB durability in comparison with studies on performance improvement and cost reduction. This paper reviews publications on performance degradation mechanisms and mitigation strategies for VRFBs in an attempt to achieve a systematic understanding of VRFB durability. Durability studies of individual VRFB components, including electrolyte, membrane, electrode, and bipolar plate, are introduced. Various degradation mechanisms at both cell and component levels are examined. Following these, applicable strategies for mitigating degradation of each component are compiled. In addition, this paper summarizes various diagnostic tools to evaluate component degradation, followed by accelerated stress tests and models for aging prediction that can help reduce the duration and cost associated with real lifetime tests. Finally, future research areas on the degradation and accelerated lifetime testing for VRFBs are proposed.

Flexible solid-state zinc−air batteries are promising energy technologies with low cost, superior performance and safety. However, flexible electrolytes are severely limited by their poor mechanical properties. Here, we introduce flexible bacterial cellulose (BC)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) composite hydrogel electrolytes (BPCE) based on bacterial cellulose (BC) microfibers and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) by an in situ synthesis. Originating from the hydrogen bonds among BC microfibers and PVA matrix, these composites form loadbearing percolating dual network and their mechanical strength is increased 9 times (from 0.102 MPa of pristine PVA to 0.951 MPa of 6-BPCE). 6-BPCE shows extremely high ionic conductivities (80.8 mS cm −1 ). In addition, the solidstate zinc−air batteries can stably cycle over 440 h without large discharge and charge polarizations equipped with zinc anode and Co 3 O 4 @Ni cathode. Moreover, flexible solid-state zinc−air batteries can cycle well at any bending angle. As flexible electrolytes, they open up a new opportunity for the development of superior-performance, flexible, rechargeable, zinc−air batteries.

Electrochemical CO2 reduction can convert waste emissions into dense liquid fuels compatible with existing energy infrastructure. High-rate electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to ethanol has been achieved in membrane electrode assembly (MEA) electrolyzers; however, ethanol produced at the cathode is transported, via electroosmotic drag and diffusion, to the anode, where it is diluted and may be oxidized. The ethanol concentrations that result on both the cathodic and anodic sides are too low to justify the energetic and financial cost of downstream separation. Here, we present a porous catalyst adlayer that facilitates the evaporation of ethanol into the cathode gas stream and reduces the water transport, leading to a recoverable stream of concentrated ethanol. The adlayer is comprised of ethylcellulose-bonded carbon nanoparticles and forms a porous, electrically conductive network on the surface of the copper catalyst that slows the transport of water to the gas channel. We achieve the direct production of an ethanol stream of 12.4 wt %, competitive with the concentration of current industrial ethanol production processes.

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From the perspective of human health and environmental safety, the development of hydrostable fluorescent sensors for detection of heavy metal ions and nitroaromatics is an important but challenging issue. To...

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