Synthesis of a novel nanocomposite containing chitosan as a three‐dimensional printed wound dressing technique: Emphasis on gene expression

Abstract

In this study, a highly porous three-dimensional (3D)-printed wound healing core/ shell scaffold fabricated using poly-lactic acid (PLA). The core of scaffold was composed of hyaluronic acid (HA), copper carbon dots (Cu-CDs), rosmarinic acid, and chitosan hydrogel. Cu-CDs were synthesized using ammonium hydrogen citrate under hydrothermal conditions. Formulation containing 1 mg ml −1 concentration of Cu-CDs showed an excellent antibacterial activity against gram bacteria. At 0.25 mg ml −1 of Cu-CDs concentration, scaffold had a good biocompatibility as confirmed by cytotoxicity assay on L929 fibroblast stem cells. in vivo wound healing experiments on groups of rats revealed that after 15 days of treatment, the optimal formulation of composite scaffold significantly improves the wound healing process compared to the PLA scaffold. This finding was confirmed by histological analysis and the relative expression of PDGF, TGF-β, and MMP-1 genes. The biocompatible antibacterial CU-CDS/PLA/HA/chitosan/rosmarinic acid nanocomposite is a promising wound healing scaffold which highly accelerates the process of skin regeneration.

3D-Printed Products for Topical Skin Applications: From Personalized Dressings to Drug Delivery

“…The printed forms were produced by FDM using PLA, and the core of the scaffold was comprised of a mixture containing copper carbon ducts (Cu-CD), rosmarinic acid, hyaluronic acid, and chitosan hydrogel, by adding the mentioned mixture into the 3D printed scaffolds. The scaffold showed antibacterial activity, no cytotoxicity and good in vivo wound healing results, which was confirmed by gene expression of PDGF, TGF-β, and MMP-1 and histological analysis [139]. Hyaluronic acid was used in an innovative in situ printing system proposed by Hakimi and coworkers (2018).…”

The 3D Bioprinted Scaffolds for Wound Healing

“…: Cu-carbon dots, rosmarinic acid, chitosan), biocompatible polymers (i.e., PLA and chitosan), and a natural polymer existing in skin (hyaluronic acid). The resulting bionanocomposite scaffolds possess antimicrobial activity and non-toxicity, and significantly increase the expression of genes involved in wound healing (i.e., GAP, PDGF, TGF-β, and MMP-1), and improve wound healing properties in vivo [231]. Similarly, an antibacterial bioink based on alginate and methylcellulose, loaded with Ga +3 , was developed.…”

Carbon Dots as an Emergent Class of Antimicrobial Agents

“…In this manner, the antibacterial properties of the CDs can be supported on a solid phase, facilitating the removal or washing of the composite [ 110 ]. Many bactericidal applications of CD-composites rely on combining the photodynamic ROS production of the CDs with the antibiotic activity of a transition metal-based nanoparticle [ 111 ], often containing Ag [ 84 ], Cu [ 112 , 113 , 114 ], Zn [ 115 , 116 , 117 ], or Ti [ 118 ] oxides cores, among others. Moreover, CDs have been embedded within polymeric structures, including hydrogels and polymers of different natures, ranging from chitosan [ 119 , 120 ] to DNA [ 121 ], cellulose [ 122 ], gelatin [ 123 ], polyurethane [ 124 ], or poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticle [ 125 ] matrices.…”