Synthesis and in vitro characterizations of porous carboxymethyl cellulose-poly(ethylene oxide) hydrogel film

Abstract

BackgroundCellulose and its derivatives such as carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have been employed as a biomaterial for their diverse applications such as tissue engineering, drug delivery and other medical materials. Porosity of the scaffolds has advantages in their applications to tissue engineering such as more cell adhesion and migration leading to better tissue regeneration. After synthesis of CMC-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) hydrogel by mixing the solutions of both CMC-acrylate and PEO-hexa-thiols, fabrication and evaluation of a CMC-PEO gel and its film in porous form have been made for its possible applications to tissue regeneration. Physicochemical and biological properties of both CMC-PEO hydrogel and porous films have been evaluated by using physicochemical assays by SEM, FTIR and swelling behaviors as well as in vitro assays of MTT, Neutral red, BrdU, gel covering and tissue ingrowth into the pores of the CMC-PEO gel films. Degradation of CMC-PEO hydrogel was also evaluated by treating with esterase over time.ResultsChemical grafting of acrylate to CMC was verified by analyses of both FTIR and NMR. CMC-PEO hydrogel was obtained by mixing two precursor polymer solutions of CMC-acrylate and PEO-hexa-thiols and by transforming into a porous CMC-PEO gel film by gas forming of ammonium bicarbonate particles. The fabricated hydrogel has swollen in buffer to more than 6 times and degraded by esterase. The results of in vitro assays of live and dead, MTT, BrdU, Neutral red and gel covering on the cells showed excellent cell compatibility of CMC-PEO hydrogel and porous gel films. Furthermore the porous films showed excellent in vitro adhesion and migration of cells into their pore channels as observed by H&E and MT stains.ConclusionsBoth CMC-PEO hydrogel and porous gel films showed excellent biocompatibility and were expected to be a good candidate scaffold for tissue engineering.

Graphene dispersed cellulose microfibers composite for efficient immobilization of hemoglobin and selective biosensor for detection of hydrogen peroxide

“…Usually, the D band is less active and G band is highly active in few-layered GR than multi layered GR sheets. The 2D bands of were observed at 2726cm −1 and 2724 cm −1 on GR and GR-CMF composite, is due to the two phonon lattice vibrational process on GR sheets [33]. Peak intensity ratio (I2D/IG) of the 2D and G bands of GR and GR-CMF was found as 0.92 and 0.91.…”

“…3B, the Raman spectra of GR and GR-CMF exhibits a strong G band at 1592 and 1591 cm −1 , and due to the in-plane vibrational modes of sp 2 hybridized carbon atoms on GR [25]. The less intense D band at 1888 and 1387 cm −1 , is ascribed to the vibrations of sp 3 carbon atoms of disordered GR and vibrations of sp 2 carbon atom domains of graphite [33]. Usually, the D band is less active and G band is highly active in few-layered GR than multi layered GR sheets.…”

PCL films of varying porosity influence ICAM‐1 expression of HUVECs

“…Their findings, that the expression of this protein varied as a function of cell culture duration, demonstrated that the expression of this membrane protein can serve as a potential marker to investigate cell adhesion in vitro . Typically, the morphology of cells is considered to consist of a spherical shape before adhesion and changes to one of a polygonal or spindle‐like shape after adhering to a surface . However, the double lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane will enable it to flow with the cytoplasm when cells adhere to a surface in order to enhance the cell‐surface contacts .…”

“…Typically, the morphology of cells is considered to consist of a spherical shape before adhesion and changes to one of a polygonal or spindle-like shape after adhering to a surface. [42][43][44] However, the double lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane will enable it to flow with the cytoplasm when cells adhere to a surface in order to enhance the cell-surface contacts. 45 Given the presence of many adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1or VCAM-1, which are anchored to the plasma membrane, changes in their expression levels during different phases of the cell adhesion process, not only indicate their participation in regulating the cell adhesion but can also serve as biomarkers of cell adhesion.…”

Nanofibrous Scaffolds as Promising Cell Carriers for Tissue Engineering

“…Thus, in preparation of scaffolds for tissue engineering, these enzymes have been incorporated in bacterial cellulose sheets [114]. Other approaches how to achieve and control the cellulose degradability were its esterification, that is formation of carboxymethylcellulose, which was then susceptible to degradation by esterases [115], acetylation, that is the formation of cellulose acetate, and its further mixing with another polysaccharide, pullulan, in various ratios [116]. Cellulose is also susceptible to hydrolysis by acids and, to a lesser extent, by alkalis (for a review, see [113]).…”