Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia

Abstract

Abstract. Hilmi E, Sari LK, Cahyo NT, Mahdiana A, Soedibja PHT, Sudiana E. 2021. Survival and growth rates of mangroves planted in vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in North Jakarta, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 687-694. Mangrove rehabilitation is aimed to reverse mangrove deforestation and degradation. Various efforts have been conducted to rehabilitate the degraded mangroves, yet problems arise when planting mangroves in the high and permanently water-logged areas in coastline. The aquaponic system is a mangrove planting method introduced to reduce the impact of permanent and high water inundation. This research aims to analyze the survival rate of mangroves planted using vertical and horizontal aquaponic systems in Jakarta's north coast and investigate the correlation between physico-chemical environmental parameters and the survival and growth rates of the planted mangroves. The results showed that the survival rate of mangroves planted in the vertical aquaponic system reached 55.4-96.9%. On the other hand, the highest survival rate in the horizontal aquaponic system was obtained in mangrove planting at 80-100 cm from the bottom with survived plants between 70-90%. The height growth rate of mangroves planted in the aquaponic system was between 0.95-2.33 cm/month. The correlation analysis showed that soil salinity, soil pH and water salinity had a high correlation to support living trees of mangrove seedlings. Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, and Rhizophora stylosa had highest survival and adaptation in this planting system.

The Mangrove Density, Diversity, and Environmental Factors as Important Variables to Support the Conservation Program of Essential Ecosystem Area in Muara Kali Ijo, Pantai Ayah, Kebumen

“…Mangrove ecosystem can grow well between 5.00-8.00 (Domínguez-Domínguez et al 2019;Kusmana and Maulina 2015;Yanuartanti et al 2015). The potential pH in Muara Kali Ijo was different from the pH in North Jakarta, which had a pH of between 5.0-6.4 (Hilmi et al 2022b), and in Segara Anakan was between 5.85-7.05 (Hilmi et al 2021a).…”

“…1 and Table 3. The wetland EEA conservation program had the supporting factors that were distribution and mangrove species domination (Hilmi et al 2015Teh et al 2008) and provided environmental services (Hilmi et al 2017a;Hu et al 2020), provided activity potentials (Owuor et al 2019), performed enrichment, rehabilitation activities and protection of Crocodylus porosus habitat (Duncan et al 2016;Hilmi et al 2022b).…”

“…The EEA in Muara Kali Ijo aims to support the conservation of the mangrove ecosystem as an essential ecosystem in Pantai Ayah, Kebumen, because the mangrove ecosystem has a specific affinity (Hilmi et al 2021e), specific environment (Hilmi et al 2021a(Hilmi et al , 2022bXiong et al 2018), specific habitat (Hilmi 2018;Hilmi et al 2021d;Purnama et al 2022), and specific ecosystem (Cochard 2017;Hilmi et al 2015;Lapolo et al 2018). In addition, the mangrove ecosystem in Muara Kali Ijo also has specific functions to reduce and protect tidal flooding (Hilmi et al 2022a;Marois and Mitsch 2017) and permanent water inundation (Bomer et al 2020), decreasing of coastal disasters (Cooray et al 2021;Nur and Hilmi 2021), decreasing of heavy-metal pollution (Chen et al 2021;Hilmi et al 2017b;Syakti et al 2013;Xin et al 2014;Zhang et al 2019), support carbon conservation (Hilmi 2017a), and support feeding, nursery dan spawning activity (Jones et al 2015;Lapolo et al 2018;Nurhayati et al 2021;Reis et al 2021).…”

The Ecological Risk Assessment of Mercury Contamination in a Mangrove Ecosystem of the Segara Anakan Cilacap, Indonesia

“…1 and Table . 1. The area of waste disposal in the mangrove ecosystem was dominated by Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora styllosa, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Sonneratia caseolaris and Avicennia marina 8,10,34,36 The number of sampling plots to analyze mercury contaminant in sediment and water was 15 sampling plots (3 sampling plots/stations). Whereas the number of sampling for mangroves (collecting roots, barks, stems, and leaves ) from 15 sampling plots were 75 individual samples (5 samples of vegetation/mangrove species) 37,38. The samples total from part of mangrove tree to analysis heavy metal accumulation were 225 samples The sampling in water bodies and substrates could be conducted by the collection of 600 mL of water samples and be placed and labeled into a bottle.…”

Kerapatan dan Tutupan Kanopi Ekosistem Mangrove di Desa Wisata Pare Mas, Lombok Timur

“…Kemampuan pertumbuhan mangrove baik kategori pohon, anakan, dan semai dipengaruhi oleh dinamika air serta karakteristik lingkungan yang ada (Tabel 3). Hal ini sesuai dengan pernyataan Hilmi et al (2022); Nur dan Hilmi (2021) bahwa dinamika air seperti gelombang Vol 11, No.3 Agustus 2022, pp. 367-373 Kerapatan dan Tutupan Kanopi Ekosistem Mangrove (W. A.…”