“…Although much work has been conducted to better understand police stress (Anderson et al, 2002;Bergen & Bartol, 1983;Brooks & Piquero, 1998;Buker & Wiecko, 2007;Crank, 1998;Crank & Caldero, 1991;Davidson & Veno, 1978;Evans, Coman, & Stanley, 1992;Franke et al, 1998;Gershon, Barocas, Canton, Li, & Vlahov, 2009; at OhioLink on March 15, 2015 pqx.sagepub.com Downloaded from Kroes, 1976;Kroes & Hurrell, 1977;Morash, Haarr, & Kwak, 2006;Newman & Rucker-Reed, 2004;Pendleton, Stotland, Spiers, & Kirsch, 1989;Piquero, 2005;Regehr et al, 2008;Roberg, Hayhurst, & Allen, 1988;Storch & Panzarella, 1996;Swatt et al, 2007;Territo & Vetter, 1981;Violanti, 2007;Violanti & Aron, 1995;Violanti et al, 1986;Wallace, Roberg, & Allen, 1985), the bulk of this research has tended to rely on perceptual methodologies that do not directly assess through physiological measurements the stress experienced by officers in the midst of a patrol shift. Survey questionnaires and observational research, although generating important and insightful information, have limitations that can only be overcome by direct physiological measurement.…”