SPACE AND MEANING CHANGE IN URBANIZATION AND MODERNIZATION PROCESS: An Urban Park in the First Capital of the Ottoman Empire

Abstract

The foundations of Westernization Movement in Turkey were laid in late Ottoman Empire. Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the proclamation of the republic, urban space became highly important and modernist architects from the west planned a large number of Turkish cities. The concept of urban park was introduced and parks became significant components of modern life in this period. Bursa, too, was influenced by this movement; it was planned by western planners and an urban park was built. However, the meaning of urban parks within the ideal of modern life in Turkey and in Bursa has changed over time. This study is based on urban development periods in Turkey and it presents the change Bursa Kültürpark in Bursa, the early modern city of Turkey, underwent during the process from modernization to globalization.

Development of Modular Outdoor Furniture Product Using Lightweight Concrete for Public Parks in Surabaya

“…In order to make the CLC, composition of mixture uses about 300 kg/m 3 of cement, 300 kg/m 3 of fine sand, added with water and foam to yield a wet density of about 800 kg/m 3 . From the feasibility test of the material, the compressive strength acquired was about 2.5-3 MPa with a water absorption value of 25% of the weight.…”

“…Apart from that, these furniture should be flexible in arrangement, use and management such that they can not only bring variety and interest both architecturally and functionally, but also support the dynamic activities that can take place in public parks, such as sitting, socializing and playing. The growth and development of the city has also changed the meaning of the park in daily life [3]. Hence, in this research, modular multi-functional systems of outdoor furniture, using light weight concrete as the main material, are proposed in order to meet those needs.…”