The development of urban tourism ensures preservation and expansion of valuable ecosystems and increases the level of ecological culture, which provides saving attitude to the environment. The preconditions of ecotourism development in cities are analyzed. The method for evaluation of ecotourist potential is proposed and tested on the example of Kyiv. The parameters for the selection and evaluation of the objects that can be used for ecotourism organization are considered.
This paper presents the results of a contingent valuation for evaluating environmental quality in the Atatü rk Urban Forest of Bursa, Turkey. The environmental quality parameter under investigation at this recreational site is congestion. Congestion is an important externality having impacts on visitors' welfare at this site. Two distinct models were employed in this study. A qualitative response model was employed to find covariate effects depending on shifting congestion levels. The other model used was the survivor model. The survivor model brings new insights to congestion pricing literature to find the mean willingness to pay for shifting congestion levels changing from level-I to level-V. It is a useful method for congestion pricing when covariate impacts are not important for the analyst. According to the survivor model results, respondents evaluated congestion level-I, which is the lowest congestion level, with an amount of USD 32.08 per visit. The value of congestion level-V, which is highest congestion level, was USD 4.34 per visit. If these amounts are aggregated into total visit rates, they correspond to USD 2,245,600 and USD 303,800 for congestion levels-I and V, respectively. Differences between these values are welfare losses of this public good. The outcomes of this paper may help policy-makers resolve environmental management issues.
In Turkey, as in many other nations, there have been many urban flood disasters in recent years, and the greatest impact has often been on informal settlements. This paper reports on interviews with households who were affected by two floods in 2010 in two settlements in Bursa. Interviewees discussed why they lived there, the main problems they experienced, the factors that increased flood damage, the measures they took after the floods to minimize future flood impacts, the costs they incurred and where responsibility for disaster mitigation/ preparedness lay. The conclusions emphasize the need for far more attention to disaster risk reduction and to working with low-income communities to identify how best such disaster risk reduction can be planned and implemented.
The foundations of Westernization Movement in Turkey were laid in late Ottoman Empire. Following the fall of the Ottoman Empire and the proclamation of the republic, urban space became highly important and modernist architects from the west planned a large number of Turkish cities. The concept of urban park was introduced and parks became significant components of modern life in this period. Bursa, too, was influenced by this movement; it was planned by western planners and an urban park was built. However, the meaning of urban parks within the ideal of modern life in Turkey and in Bursa has changed over time. This study is based on urban development periods in Turkey and it presents the change Bursa Kültürpark in Bursa, the early modern city of Turkey, underwent during the process from modernization to globalization.
Today, many studies have been carried out to support community engagement in planning and urban design processes in Turkey. This study which tries to bring together community engagement and urban design within the framework of sustainability of cultural heritage sites is a part of a scientific research project which aims to create a participative model to develop an urban design guideline for the Hanlar District, a historical commercial district including many inns in the city centre of Bursa, in Turkey. While a series of community engagement techniques were experimented during the project process, the aim of this article is to examine the potential benefits of using educational charrettes as a kind of design charrette to establish a participatory and competitive platform including public, private, voluntary actors and local people in urban design process of heritage sites. It overviews the charrette use in developing adaptive re-use and urban design schemes for the inns and their surrounding public spaces which are not actively used in the Hanlar District which has
ÖzetKent yaşamının, trafik, stres, gürültü ve yapılı çevre içinde sıkışmış rutin yaşam tarzı insanları doğaya ve doğal yaşama doğru yönlendirmektedir. Koruyarak doğayı yaşama, keşfetme, farklı kültürleri anlama, yereldeki kaynakları ve getirisini yerel halkla paylaşma, yerel ve doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilir kullanımı ile mümkündür. Bu faaliyetler doğal kaynakların ekonomiye kazandırılması, kırsal kesimde yaşayanların hayat standartlarının yükseltilmesi, turizm alanlarının, faaliyetlerinin ve gelirlerinin çeşitlendirilmesi ve artırılması konularıyla da örtüşen ortak hedefler içermektedir. Doğa turizmi faaliyetlerinin çoğunluğu flora tabanlı faaliyetlerdir. Marmara Bölgesi ve özellikle Bursa, biyoçeşitlilik ve yoğun florası ile ülkemizin doğa turizmi açısından Karadeniz Bölgesi'nden sonra en önemli alanlarıdır. Coğrafi konumu, sahip olduğu zengin ve yoğun orman alanları ve Uludağ Milli Parkı, Bursa'yı botanik turizmi, foto safari, doğa yürüyüşü, doğa gözlemciliği, tıbbi bitkilere bağlı sağlık turizmi, macera oyunları turizmi gibi floraya bağlı doğa turizmi alanlarında merkez olabilecek bir konuma taşımaktadır. Bu çalışmada Bursa'da ekoturizmin çeşitlendirilmesi ve canlandırılması için floraya bağlı doğa turizmi faaliyetleri açısından Bursa'nın sahip olduğu potansiyel ortaya konulmuş, SWOT analizi ile değerlendirilmiş ve öneriler oluşturulmuştur. AbstractThe routine lifestyle of the urban environment that are stuck in the traffic, stress, noise and built environment directs people towards the nature and natural life. Nesting life with nature and recreation in the natural environment has become the dream of everyone living in the city. The efforts of the living nature by protecting, discovering, understanding different cultures, to share local resources and returns with local people, sustainable use of local and natural resources has brought up nature tourism activities. These activities have included common objectives with the general social goals like acquisition of natural resources into the economy, raising living standards of rural people, tourism areas, activities and revenues diversification and boosting. The majority of nature tourism activities are related with the natural flora. Marmara Region and especially Bursa, with its biodiversity and intensive flora, are the most important areas of our country after the Black Sea Region in terms of nature tourism. Botanical tourism, photo safari, hiking, nature watching, health tourism related to medical plants, adventure games tourism is flora connected nature tourism activities. Geographical location, rich and dense forest areas and the Uludag National Park put Bursa in a position to be the center of nature tourism. In this study, the potential of Bursa in terms of nature tourism related to flora has revealed.
The current paper presents the results of a contingent valuation for evaluating the environmental quality in the Atatürk Urban Forest of Bursa, Turkey. The environmental quality parameter under investigation at this recreational site is congestion. Congestion is an important externality having impacts that both limit common facilities and damage natural ecosystems. When users have to pay the same price for lower environmental quality, degraded ecosystems can cause negative impacts on users' satisfaction levels due to congestion. We employed a qualitative response model to learn the covariate effects and mean willingness to pay for shifting congestion levels. Welfare effects of congestion levels offer robust policy options to local policy-makers and on-site management. Consequences point to a resource enlarging policy rather than restrictions on visitor numbers.
The irreversible reduction of urban open and green spaces has increased the environmental problems in cities on the one hand, and negatively affected the quality of urban life on the other. Bringing the city and nature together again has become a common concern for the environment-city-focused professions. Green infrastructure systems, one of the approaches put forward with these concerns by increasing the capacity of ecosystem services. Yıldırım, which was examined in this study, is one of the main districts of Bursa in terms of population and area. The lack of green space is intense in Yıldırım. Within the scope of the study, the pedestrian accessibility of green areas in selected 15 neighborhoods around Bursa Technical University was carried out. The results of the study show that while green areas are accessible, the neighborhoods have a critical situation in terms of the amount of green space per person. It is aimed that the results obtained will constitute a base for studies that will evaluate green areas as an infrastructure element.
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