Source discrimination, item detection, and multinomial models of source monitoring.

Bayen, Ute J.; Murnane, Kevin S.; Erdfelder, Edgar

doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.1.197

Cited by 287 publications

(615 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Consistent with this prediction is evidence that older adults' performance on external source monitoring tasks suffers more than that of younger adults from increases in similarity in the potential sources of a memory Bayen, Murnane, & Erdfelder, 1996;Johnson et al, 1995). For example, source accuracy in determining which person said something is reduced more for older than younger adults when the similarity between speakers is increased (Ferguson et al, 1992).…”

Section: The Source Monitoring Framework and Agingsupporting

confidence: 68%

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

Henkel

Johnson²,

Leonardis³

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

262

229

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This study shows that relative to younger adults, older adults are more adversely influenced by similar items when judging a memory's source, and the phenomenal features of their correctly and incorrectly attributed memories have greater overlap. The authors argue in accordance with the source monitoring framework that this age-related impairment in source accuracy is related to processes involved in binding features into complex memories and those involved in accessing and evaluating contextual features of memories. These processes are linked to medial temporal and frontal brain regions, respectively, as evidenced by correlations in older adults between source accuracy and neuropsychological tests often used to assess medial temporal and frontal function. The results suggest that adequate feature binding is particularly important when items from different sources share similar features and access-evaluation processes are particularly important after a delay.

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Section: The Source Monitoring Framework and Agingsupporting

confidence: 68%

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

Henkel

Johnson²,

Leonardis³

1998

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

262

229

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“…The Batchelder-Riefer model of source monitoring has been described in detail elsewhere (see Batchelder & Riefer, 1990;Bayen et al, 1996;Dodson, Prinzmetal, & Shimamura, 1998;Dodson, Holland, et al, 1998). Thus, we only present a summary of the model's basic tenets.…”

Section: Threshold Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most important, d a refers to the probability of recollecting an item from Source A and d b refers to the probability of recollecting an item from Source B. Bayen et al (1996) proposed a modified version of the model developed by Batchelder and Riefer. In the original BatchelderRiefer model, source identification was viewed as a two-high threshold process, whereas item detection was viewed as a onehigh threshold phenomenon. In the Bayen et al (1996) modification, source identification and item detection are both viewed as two-high threshold processes.…”

Section: Threshold Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bayen et al (1996) proposed a modified version of the model developed by Batchelder and Riefer. In the original BatchelderRiefer model, source identification was viewed as a two-high threshold process, whereas item detection was viewed as a onehigh threshold phenomenon. In the Bayen et al (1996) modification, source identification and item detection are both viewed as two-high threshold processes. Specifically, the revised model adds a parameter for the detection of new items (D n ).…”

Section: Threshold Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory.

Slotnick¹,

Klein²,

Dodson³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cogni

160

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The authors analyzed source memory performance with an unequal-variance signal detection theory model and compared the findings with extant threshold (multinomial and dual-process) models. In 3 experiments, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses of source discrimination revealed curvilinear functions, supporting the relative superiority of a continuous signal detection model when compared with a threshold model. This result has implications for both multinomial and dual-process models, bom of which assume linear ROCs in their description of source memory performance.Source memory refers to memory for the context in which information was acquired (Johnson, Hashtroudi, & Lindsay, 1993). For example, memory for the person with whom one is conversing or the place where one is conversing can be interpreted as source memory. In psychological experiments, source memory is typically assessed by asking participants to determine the origin of previously presented information, such as whether the information was presented verbally or visually, presented by a male or a female voice, or presented in one spatial location or another. As these examples imply, source memory depends on memory for autobiographical or episodic information. Various cognitive and neuropsychological findings have suggested that, to some degree, memory for source can be dissociated from item memory (see Dodson & Shimamura, 2000;Johnson, Kounios, & Reeder, 1994;Schacter, Harbluk, & McLachlan, 1984;Shimamura & Squire, 1987;Zaragoza & Lane, 1994). Indeed, various models of memory suggest a distinction that is related to differences between item and source memory (e.g., Gardiner, 1988;Hirst, 1982;Jacoby, 1991;Johnson et al., 1993;Mayes, Meudell, & Pickering, 1985;Tulving, 1972). Johnson et al. (1993) developed a useful framework for the analysis of source memory. In this "source monitoring" framework, the degree to which individuals identify the source of a memory depends, in part, on the kind of information that is acquired and remembered. That is, one can remember various aspects of a learning episode, such as perceptual information,

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“…Although the inadequacy of the lHT assumption for yes-no recognition tasks does not necessarily imply its inadequacy as part ofa one-high threshold source monitoring (1HTSM) model , alternative multinomial models of source monitoring have been proposed in response to Kinchla's criticism Bayen, Murnane, & Erdfelder, 1996;. Recently, Bayen et al (1996) compared these models empirically and found a twohigh threshold source monitoring (2HTSM) model to be superior to the other models: The item recognition and source discrimination parameters of the 2HTSM model accurately reflected independent experimental manipulations of recognition and source memory, whereas the corresponding parameters of other models failed to reflect manipulations of recognition memory. The results of the Bayen et al (1996) study are but one reason why we prefer the 2HTSM model as a framework for the data analyses reported in this paper.…”

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confidence: 99%

Recognition of script-typical versus script-atypical information: Effects of cognitive elaboration

Erdfelder

Bredenkamp

1998

Mem Cogn

Self Cite

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Memory for script-atypical information has been shown to be superior to memory for script-typical information. Two explanations of this typicality effect are evaluated: (1) the attention-elaboration hypothesis (AEH) and (2) the script-copy-plus-tag hypothesis (SCTH). The AEH claims that atypical information is recognized better because it attracts more attention and cognitive elaboration. According to the SCTH, memory representations of script-based texts are established automatically and constitute a copy of the script plus tags for atypical events that facilitate later recognition. We investigated recognition memory and memory for the presentation form of typical and atypical items originally shown with versus without missing letters. Experiment 1 showed that presenting items in fragmentary form tends to improve recognition memory mostly for highly typical items. Experiment 2 revealed that the size of this missing-letters effect is affected by the presentation form of items preceding the target items during acquisition. For fragmented items preceded by other fragmented items, the typicality effect virtually disappeared. Memory for the presentation form of items was generally moderate. These results are readily explained within the AEH framework and pose some problems for the SCTH.Research on schema-based information processing has repeatedly shown that recognition of verbal information that fits well into an event schema or script is inferior to recognition of atypical information. For instance, if individuals read a story entitled "Peter's Visit to a Restaurant" and subsequently respond to an unexpected recognition test, they are better at discriminating old from new sentences if these sentences state atypical actions (e.g., "Peter removes a hair from the soup") as opposed to sentences describing highly typical actions (e.g., "Peter paid the bill"). This so-called typicality effect has been observed both in adults

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Source discrimination, item detection, and multinomial models of source monitoring.

Cited by 287 publications

References 61 publications

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

Aging and source monitoring: Cognitive processes and neuropsychological correlates.

An analysis of signal detection and threshold models of source memory.

Recognition of script-typical versus script-atypical information: Effects of cognitive elaboration

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