Somatic embryogenesis from peach palm zygotic embryos

Abstract

The factors affecting the induction and development of somatic embryos and plantlet acclimatization of peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) were evaluated to establish an efficient regenerative protocol based on somatic embryogenesis. Mature zygotic embryos were cultured in Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 0-40 μM of picloram (4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid) and 0 or 5 μM of 2-isopentyladenine (6-dimethylaminopurine) (2-iP). After 5 mo. in culture embryogenic callus arose from primary calli. Picloram (10 μM) was effective in inducing embryogenic calli in 9.8% of the explants. The use of 1 μM of AgNO 3 enhanced embryogenic competence. Embryogenic calli showed an organized structure, a globular aspect, and were white to yellowish in color. Histological analyses showed that cell proliferation arose from subepidermal cells adjacent to vascular bundles, resulting in primary callus formed by a meristematic zone from which somatic embryos arose. Protein profile analyses revealed two high molecular mass bands in these embryogenic calli, but not in other tissues. Embryogenic calli were transferred to a culture medium containing 40 μM of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, 10 μM of 2-iP, plus 1 g l −1 of glutamine, hydrolyzed 0.5 g l −1 casein, and activated 1.5 g l −1 of charcoal. Morphogenetic responses achieved in this medium were the development of somatic embryos, rooting, and loss of embryogenic capacity. Somatic embryos were converted to plantlets on MS medium plus 24.6 μM of 2-iP and 0.44 μM of naphthalene acetic acid. Plantlets were maintained in MS medium with activated charcoal (1.5 g l −1 ) until they were 6 cm tall, and then acclimatized. After 16 wk, 84.2±6.4% survival was observed.

Somatic embryogenesis from zygotic embryos and thin cell layers (TCLs) of Brazilian oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Elaeis oleifera)

“…This technique stood out from the works of Tran Thanh Van (1973) which considered that "the cells in TCL systems are literally reprogrammed in order to express all patterns of differentiation" (Tran Thanh Van, 2003). This system is considered efficient for the regeneration of embryos in different species, including palm trees (Samosir et al, 1998;Nhut et al, 2003;Steinmacher et al, 2007). The use of small explants is also advantageous as they have greater contact with the culture medium and can absorb the nutrients of the medium more easily (Fehér et al, 2003).…”

“…This technique has been used successfully for peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) (Steinmacher et al, 2007), Acrocomia aculeate (Padilha et al, 2015) and oil palm (E. guineensis) (Scherwinski-Pereira et al, 2010). This study was developed to address the need for multiplication and production of hybrid oil palm BRS Manicoré, aimed at more rapid production on a scale that meets national demand.…”

In vitro germination and embryogenic competence acquisition of Euterpe edulis Martius immature zygotic embryos

“…Comparatively, in B. gasipaes the coefficient of variation for the percentage of embryogenic cultures was 24% (Steinmacher et al 2007a). …”

Cryopreservation of coffee zygotic embryos: dehydration and osmotic rehydration

“…After this period, 0.5 mL of rehydration solution was replaced every 10 minutes by 0.5 mL of MS liquid medium supplemented with 0.1 M sucrose. This procedure was repeated three times as described by Steinmacher et al (2007).…”