Sodium Trimetaphosphate as a Novel Strategy for Matrix Metalloproteinase Inhibition and Dentin Remineralization

Abstract

The effect of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) as an antiproteolytic and remineralizing agent on demineralized dentin was evaluated in vitro. The inhibitory potential of STMP at 0.5, 1.5, 3.5, and 5% against recombinant matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMPs-2 and -9 was assessed by zymography. To investigate its remineralization potential, 40 bovine root specimens were obtained and subjected to a demineralization protocol to produce caries-like dentin lesions. After that, dentin surfaces were divided into 3 areas: (1) mineralized (no treatment); (2) demineralized; and (3) demineralized/treated with STMP and submitted to a pH-cycling associated or not with STMP (1.5, 3.5, or 5% STMP, 10 min of treatment). After that, superficial hardness (SH) and cross-sectional hardness (CSH) were determined. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to qualitatively evaluate mineralization within the caries-like lesions. The zymographic analysis showed that STMP solution is a potent inhibitor of the gelatinolytic activity of MMPs-2 and -9 depending on the dose, since the lowest concentration (0.5%) partially inhibited the enzyme activity, while the higher concentrations completely inhibited enzyme activity. Regarding remineralization effect, only 1.5% STMP solution enhanced both the SH and CSH. PLM showed that the area treated with 1.5% STMP presented similar birefringence as mineralized sound dentin. In conclusion, 1.5% STMP solution is effective as an antiproteolytic agent against MMPs and promotes dentin remineralization.

Effect of poly (γ-glutamic acid)/tricalcium phosphate (γ-PGA/TCP) composite for dentin remineralization <i>in vitro </i>

“…It was found that the negative control group showed weak remineralization after pH cycling in this study. The same phenomenon was observed in other studies 15,40) . Researchers have presented a possible explanation with self-assembly theory, indicating that type I collagen has complex and orderly structures that play an active role in guiding minerals infiltration and nucleation 11) .…”

“…After demineralization, 65 specimens were randomly divided into five groups and subjected to the following treatments with 13 blocks in each group: 5% α-TCP group, 2% γ-PGA group, γ-PGA/TCP group (prepared as above), 10% CPP-ACP group (positive control), and deionized water group (negative control). All dentin blocks were submitted to a pH cycle at 37°C with alternation of the demineralization (1.5 mM CaCl 2, 0.9 mM KH2PO4, 50 mM lactic buffer, pH 5.0, 8 h) and remineralization solutions (1.5 mM CaCl 2, 0.9 mM KH2PO4, 130 mM KCl, 20 mM HEPES, pH 7.0, 16 h) for 14 days 15,28) . During the pH cycling, before/after incubation with the demineralization solution, dentin surfaces were treated with experimental reagents or deionized water for 5 min.…”

“…In this process, intrafibrillar remineralization is achieved on the surface of dentin 11) . Researchers have applied NCP analogues to induce dentin remineralization, generally, highly acidic or phosphorylated proteins are preferred 13) , such as polyacrylic acid 14) and sodium trimetaphosphate 15) .…”

Matrix Metalloproteinases in Dental and Periodontal Tissues and Their Current Inhibitors: Developmental, Degradational and Pathological Aspects

“…Sodium fluoride and stannous fluoride inhibit salivary and purified human gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9. Treatment of dentine with sodium trimetaphosphate, a synthetic compound that reduces dentine demineralization, inhibits MMP-2 and MMP-9 activities particularly at 1.5% concentration [ 50 , 51 ]. Silver diamine fluoride, in addition to antibacterial and collagen remineralizing effects, has an inhibiting effect on MMPs that increases the degradation resistance of demineralized collagen to the proteolytic activities of MMP-2, -8 and -9, and inhibits the collagenolytic action of cysteine cathepsin but leaves unaesthetic black stains [ 52 ].…”

Protective Effect of Fluoride Varnish Containing Trimetaphosphate against Dentin Erosion and Erosion/Abrasion: An in vitro Study

“…This precipitate was shown to obliterate the dentinal tubules and protect the collagen matrix [Favretto et al, 2018]. Therefore, removal of the organic matrix could lead to the loss of a partially demineralized or remineralized matrix, thus demonstrating the protective effect of TMP-containing varnishes, since TMP has an affinity for collagen [Leone et al 2008] and acts against hydrolysis from metalloproteinases [Gonçalves et al, 2018]. Thus, unlike other approaches [Magalhães et al, 2012;Comar et al, 2015], in this study, the fluoride varnishes associated with TMP promoted lower dentin wear under both ERO and ERO + ABR compared to the other groups (Table 1), in line with previous data on enamel erosion obtained after the use of TMP-containing fluoridated varnish [Manarelli et al, 2013;Moretto et al, 2013].…”