Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa

Sutherland, Catherine; Reynaert, Eva; Dhlamini, Sifiso; Magwaza, Fanelesibonge; Lienert, Judit; Riechmann, Michel E.; Buthelezi, Sibongile; Khumalo, Duduzile; Morgenroth, Eberhard; Udert, Kai M.; Sindall, Rebecca

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284

Cited by 27 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…During this process, microorganisms (Enterococcus faecalis, MS2 phage and Φx174 phage) and pathogens (Ascaris suis and Salmonella enteritidis) in the urine were effectively removed. This method is applied to Blue Diversion Autarky Toilet (BDAT) in Switzerland (Sutherland et al, 2021). The literature indicates that adding alkali to urine can effectively inhibit the hydrolysis of urea and inactivate pathogens, but the precipitation of calcium and magnesium ions under alkaline conditions should be considered and effective measures should be taken to avoid clogging the pipeline.…”

Section: Alkalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features and Applications of Urine Stabilization Methods: A Review

Yang

2021

Front. Sustain.

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The recovery of nutrients from unconventional water such as domestic sewage is considered as a sustainable solution to environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, water, and food safety issues. Source separation of urine and the sequenced treatment techniques are the promising approaches to recover the resources from this unconventional water. However, in the storage of urine, urea is hydrolyzed under the action of urease, resulting in odor, precipitation and the loss of ammonia, which is a challenge to be overcome in the process of urine recycling. This review collates research related to urine stabilization, and aims to summarize the characteristics and applications of existing urine stabilization methods, such as acidification, alkalization, electrochemistry, inhibitors and etc. Overall, acidification and alkalization have higher dosage requirements and have an attentional impact on the environment; electrochemical technology is suitable for decentralized sanitation facilities, but the inhibition duration is short; inhibitors are the least effective and are usually used to regulate urease activities in soil environment rather than for urine stabilization. Choosing the appropriate approaches of urine stabilization should focus on the overall perspective of urine resource utilization, consider the separation method and recovery form, and combine it with the concentration technology.

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Section: Alkalizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Features and Applications of Urine Stabilization Methods: A Review

Yang

2021

Front. Sustain.

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“…El estudio también es coincidente con la metodología a la que otros estudios han arribado [9], quienes tomaron como estrategia realizar sondeos por muestras poblacionales de pequeño tamaño (N = 132, tasa de respuesta del 13%), la encuesta a pesar de no ser representativa, fue indicativa de una actitud general de la población hawaiana. Sobre un adecuado diseño metodológico, luego de analizar los resultados obtenidos de un estudio realizado en Sudáfrica [6], se han encontrado diferencias en la estrategia para diseñar los cuestionarios que permitan obtener con mayor precisión el grado de aceptación de un producto, porque se diseñan las encuestas con muestras poblacionales pequeñas para validar mejor los resultados. En nuestro estudio si se han encontrado coincidencias metodológicas con referentes similares [6], ya que un aspecto importante del éxito de nuestro instrumento, fue incluir las opiniones de los pobladores dentro de las soluciones de difusión y masificación del prototipo, propiciando el sentido de apropiación y empatía de parte de los beneficiarios, con lo cual también es coincidente con las conclusiones de estos estudios [19], pues se proponen estrategias de sensibilización para introducir nuevas tecnologías sobre sistemas de saneamiento básico.…”

Section: Arotación De Los Factoresunclassified

“…Los aspectos que influye en la percepción de la población con respecto a una mejora en la función de un prototipo de inodoro, es el costo y existencia de riesgos para la salud cuando no se utiliza agua para el arrastre de residuos fecales [5]. Existe un prejuicio en el subconsciente por asociar el inodoro seco con una situación de "pobreza" que inhibe su aceptación plena, por lo que debe inducirse al usuario a participar en el proceso de diseño para que pueda apropiarse de las tecnologías mejoradas, asumir la responsabilidad de su mantenimiento y así estar predispuestos a aceptar los prototipos de inodoro seco mejorado [6]. El aspecto cultural y las costumbres tienen influencia en la aceptación o no de los prototipos.…”

Section: Introductionunclassified

Validation of an Instrument to measure the acceptance of a technology for the self-removal of human excreta adapted to Dry Toilets

Barrios

Delgado

Aguilar-Martínez

2021

uct

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The objective of the study is to build an instrument that allows to know the acceptance of the population towards a technology for the removal of human excreta by propulsion adapted to the dry toilet instead of the conventional system. The sample consisted of 200 lower-middle class residents. The study was quantitative; a survey was applied based on the Likert scale. The respective validation was carried out applying the methodology of exploratory factor analysis through the method of estimating maximum likelihood factors with reliability estimation and measurement bias analysis. The final questionnaire is made up of 6 dimensions, a factorial structure that includes 14 items and its consistency shows an α of 0.81. The instrument was appropriate for psychometric measurement. It is concluded that the acceptance of the technology is conditioned to factors of functionality, aesthetics and hygiene of the system, and there is a predisposition of the user to promote the technology. Keywords: Instrument, toilet, propulsion, excreta, technology. References [1]H. Moule, “Baño seco ecológico”, Reino Unido Patente Nº 1316, mayo 28, 1860. [2]K. L. Kyung, “Designing a Waterless Toilet Prototype for Reusable Energy Using a User-Centered Approach and Interviews”, Applied Sciences, vol. 9, no.919, pp. 2-11, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi:10.3390/app9050919. [3]S. Saxena, B. Ebrazibakhshayesh, S. K. Dentel, D., K. Cha, y P. T. Imhoff, “Drying of fecal sludge in 3D laminate enclosures for urban waste management”, Science of The Total Environment vol. 672, no. 1, pp. 927-937, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.487. [4]O.D. Oluwasola Afolabi y M. Sohail. “Microwaving human faecal sludge as a viable sanitation technology option for treatment and value recovery-A critical review”, Journal of Environmental Management journal, vol.187, no.1, pp.401-415, February 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.10.067. [5]P. Moya, S. López, J. Guardiola and F. Gómez. “Determinants of the acceptance of domestic use of recycled water by use type”, Sustainable Production and Consumption journal, Research article, vol.27, no.4, pp. 575-586, July 2021. [Online]. Available: doi: 10.1016/j.spc.2021.01.026. [6]C. Sutherland, E. Reynaert, R.C. Sindall, “Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa”, Science of The Total Environment, vol.755, Part 2, 143284 , February 2021. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143284-11. [7]H.J. Lease, D.H. MacDonald, and D.N. Cox, “Consumers’ acceptance of recycled water in meat products: The influence of tasting, attitudes and values on hedonic and emotional reactions”, Journal Food Quality and Preference, vol.37, pp. 33-44, October 2014. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2014.04.002. [8]C. Hou, Y. Wen, H. Fu and X. Liu. “Impacts of regional water shortage information disclosure on public acceptance of recycled water d evidences from China’s urban residents” Sustainable Cities and Society, vol. 61, October 2020. [Online]. Available: https:// doi:10.1016/j.scs.2020.102351. [9]K.M. Lamichhane , y J.R. Babcock, “Survey of attitudes and perceptions of urine-diverting toilets and human waste recycling in Hawaii”, Journal Science of The Total Environment, vol.443, no.15, pp.749-756, January 2013. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.11.039. [10]S. Prithvi, C. Lalander, “what do consumers think about recycling human urine as fertiliser? Perceptions and attitudes of a university community in South India.” Water Research vol.143, pp.527-538, October 2018. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/rsap.v16n4.46723. [11]Y. Ding, and X. Liu, “The association between emotions and public acceptance of recycled water for urban residents”, Journal of Civil Engineering and Management, vol.27, no. 2, pp.76–86, February 2021. [Online] Available: doi: https://doi.org/10.3846/jcem.2021.13754. [12]J. Hennigs, K. Ravndal, T. Blose, “Field testing of a prototype mechanical dry toilet flush”. Journal Science of the Total Environment, vol 668, no. 10, pp. 419-431, July 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.220. [13]J. Tavares, I. Cardoso, B. Alves, J. Barbosa and B. Martini, “TrailCare: An indoor and outdoor Context-aware system to assist wheelchair users”, International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, vol.116, pp.1-14, April 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2018.04.001. [14]S. Lloret, A. Ferreres, A. Hernández and I. Tomas, “El análisis factorial exploratorio de los ítems: una guía práctica, revisada y actualizada”, Anales de Psicología, vol. 30, no.3 , pp.1151-1169 , October 2014. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.30.3.199361. [15]V. Pedrero, M. Bernales, M. Chepo, J. Manzi and M. Pérez, “Development of an instrument to measure the cultural competence of health care workers”, Revista de saude publica. vol.54, no.29, pp. 1-10, March 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.11606/s1518-8787.2020054001695. [16] M. Salvador, L. Moreno, D. Hernández, A. Martínez and E. Ochoa, “Construcción y validación de un instrumento para medir la satisfacción de los pacientes del primer nivel de atención medica en la Ciudad de México”, Gaceta Medica de México, vol.152, pp. 43-50, 2016. [Online]. Available: https://www.anmm.org.mx/GMM/2016/n1/GMM_152_2016_1_043-050.pdf. [17] M. Garmendia, “Análisis factorial: una aplicación en el cuestionario de salud general de Goldberg, versión de 12 preguntas”, Rev. Chilena de Salud Pública, vol.11, no.2, pp.57-65, 2007. [Online] Available: https://revistasaludpublica.uchile.cl/index.php/RCSP/article/view/3095/2963. [18]L.M. Zita, G.E. Figueroa, and H.L. Narváez, “Impacto de los atributos determinantes de un sanitario seco urbano en la aceptación del consumidor”, Revista internacional de contaminación ambiental,, vol.33 no. 04, pp. 671-679, March 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.20937/rica.2017.33.04.10. [19]L. Zhu, Z. Zhao, Y. Wang, Q. Huang, Y. Sun and D. Bi, “Weighting of toilet assessment scheme in China implementing analytic hierarchy process”, Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 283, 2021.“tobe published”, [Online].Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.111992. [20]V. Kumar, and B. Chandra,” An application of theory of planned behavior to predict young Indian consumers' green hotel visit intention”, Journal of Cleaner Production, vol.172, no.20, pp.1152-1162, January 2018. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.047. [21]P.P. Regalado, C.A. Guerrero, and R.F. Montalvo, “Una aplicación de la teoría del comportamiento planificado al segmento masculino latinoamericano de productos de cuidado personal “, Revista EAN Escuela de Administración de Negocios, no.83, pp. 141-163, July-December 2017. [Online]. Available: https://doi: 10.21158/01208160.n83.2017.1821.

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“…As respected and trusted community liaison officers, they added legitimacy to the project, playing a vital role in introducing the EFTP to communities where testing could take place, liaising with community members and leadership to secure approval for testing, and addressing issues raised by the community and the EFTP team throughout the project. Working with communities that had previously participated in communitybased research often meant that people were more receptive to the EFTP (Sutherland et al, 2021a), though occasionally communities were wary of what was perceived as continual research without real change. EWS was also able to secure highlevel political support through meetings with councillors, and facilitated communication with other municipal departments as required, e.g., liaising with the electricity department to connect prototypes to mains power.…”

Section: Lesson 1: Government Support Is Critical To Establishing An Enabling Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The requirements for such measures were dependent on the testing site. At informal community sites, theft was relatively low where there was a cohesive community, continuous engagement between the project team and the community, and hence a sense of community ownership of the site, the testing process and prototype (Sutherland et al, 2021a). In the school setting, fencing, an alarm system, and a security guard were required to minimise theft and vandalism from persons outside the school environment.…”

Section: Lesson 2: Technologies Must Be Localised To Suit the Testing Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lessons learned from operating a pre-commercialisation field-testing platform for innovative non-sewered sanitation in Durban, South Africa

Sindall

Cottingham

Arumugam

et al. 2021

WSA

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The Engineering Field Testing Platform (EFTP) was designed to provide an opportunity for technology developers (TDs) to test non-sewered sanitation prototypes in the eThekwini Municipal Area (Durban), South Africa. Between 2017 and 2020, 15 sanitation systems were tested in informal settlements, peri-urban households, and other ‘real world’ settings. This paper illustrates the lessons learned from establishing and managing this testing platform. Costs and timelines for testing are dependent on several factors, including the aims of testing, the development stage of the prototype, whether testing takes place in a community or household setting and if a testing site is shared between prototypes. Timelines were routinely underestimated, particularly for community engagement and commissioning of prototypes to reach steady-state operation. Personnel accounted for more than half of the EFTP’s costs. The presence of the municipality as a platform partner was vital to the success of testing, both for gaining political support and for enabling access to testing sites. It is noted that working in communities, with test sites in public spaces, requires technical and social sensitivity to context. It was important to ensure testing supported future municipal decision-making on service provision, as well as longer-term development within communities. The high number of stakeholders, locally and internationally, raised management challenges common to any large project. However, the EFTP added value to TDs, the eThekwini Municipality, and communities requiring improved sanitation services; this was amplified through the platform approach.

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Socio-technical analysis of a sanitation innovation in a peri-urban household in Durban, South Africa

Cited by 27 publications

References 26 publications

Features and Applications of Urine Stabilization Methods: A Review

Features and Applications of Urine Stabilization Methods: A Review

Validation of an Instrument to measure the acceptance of a technology for the self-removal of human excreta adapted to Dry Toilets

Lessons learned from operating a pre-commercialisation field-testing platform for innovative non-sewered sanitation in Durban, South Africa

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