Smart agro system using wireless sensor networks

IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

“…The most common use of irrigation systems is in outdoor agriculture, 50% of the proposed systems are for outdoor agriculture. Among this outdoor agriculture cases [14,29,31,32,38,40,42,[46][47][48]52,[59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67], some papers specify the agriculture products in more detail: general cereal [14], rice [48,59], spinach, beans, carrots, walnuts, corn, barley and maize [47], and multi-height fields [60]. In addition, among the 14 papers about greenhouses [28,33,39,41,45,51,[68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75], five of them specify the type of crop.…”

“…There are some rare cases (10% of them) where more than four parameters are monitored. The papers where more parameters are measured are [64,67], with six measured parameters and [31,45,46,61,68,75,76] that measured five parameters. On the other hand, there are five papers (6% of cases) that do not measure any parameter [33,41,[77][78][79].…”

“…In this case, we will consider for the commentaries not only the data of the graphic (proposals with irrigation system) but also the information of the paper which measures the water quality, having or not the actuators for the irrigation system. The water level in the tanks is measured in 17 [32,36,51,57,58,61,62,64,69,[85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92] out of 88 papers that have a pumping system. There are different methods to monitor the water level in the tanks and the most used is the one based on ultrasound [32,69,89], the resistive methodology is used in one case [36], the rest of cases do not offer information of how the data is measured.…”

“…Therefore, we do not include the use of irrigation actuators in Figure 10. The most utilized actuator is the sound emitter, used in seven cases [32,49,58,59,61,66,103]. It is generally used as an alarm for the farmers or as a dissuasive measure to prevent the entry of animals into the farming lands.…”

Water Management for Sustainable Irrigation Systems Using Internet-of-Things

“…As presented in the previous research, many projects [8][9][10][11] have been published. These implementations for IoT solutions that control irrigation systems, mainly using single nodes with Arduinos, combined with a set of environmental data sensors, have several problems due to the large amounts of wire used to spread them across the fields.…”