IoT-Based Smart Irrigation Systems: An Overview on the Recent Trends on Sensors and IoT Systems for Irrigation in Precision Agriculture

Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising technology that uses wireless sensor networks to enable data collection, monitoring, and transmission from the physical devices to the Internet. Due to its potential large scale usage, efficient routing and Medium Access Control (MAC) techniques are vital to meet various application requirements. Most of the IoT applications need low data rate and low powered wireless transmissions and IEEE 802.15.4 standard is mostly used in this regard which offers superframe structure at the MAC layer. However, for IoT applications where nodes have adaptive data traffic, the standard has some limitations such as bandwidth wastage and latency. In this paper, a new superframe structure is proposed that is backward compatible with the existing parameters of the standard. The proposed superframe overcomes limitations of the standard by fine-tuning its superframe structure and squeezing the size of its contention-free slots. Thus, the proposed superframe adjusts its duty cycle according to the traffic requirements and accommodates more nodes in a superframe structure. The analytical results show that our proposed superframe structure has almost 50% less delay, accommodate more nodes and has better link utilization in a superframe as compared to the IEEE 802.15.4 standard.

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Efficient Superframe Structure with Optimal Bandwidth Utilization and Reduced Delay for Internet of Things Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Khan

Alvi

Javed

et al. 2020

“…The use of the IoT is widely extended nowadays and there are numerous cases, for example [31][32][33][34][35] in precision agriculture, irrigation, temperature control, monitoring of the agricultural production process or automated-olive-chain. In the case presented in this paper, we are going to be able to monitor and analyze the operation of DRR machines through the internet.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Functionality of the Feed Chain in Olive Pitting, Slicing and Stuffing Machines by IoT, Computer Vision and Neural Network Diagnosis

Pascual

Luna

Lázaro

et al. 2020

Olive pitting, slicing and stuffing machines (DRR in Spanish) are characterized by the fact that their optimal functioning is based on appropriate adjustments. Traditional systems are not completely reliable because their minimum error rate is 1–2%, which can result in fruit loss, since the pitting process is not infallible, and food safety issues can arise. Such minimum errors are impossible to remove through mechanical adjustments. In order to achieve this objective, an innovative solution must be provided in order to remove errors at operating speed rates over 2500 olives/min. This work analyzes the appropriate placement of olives in the pockets of the feed chain by using the following items: (1) An IoT System to control the DRR machine and the data analysis. (2) A computer vision system with an external shot camera and a LED lighting system, which takes a picture of every pocket passing in front of the camera. (3) A chip with a neural network for classification that, once trained, classifies between four possible pocket cases: empty, normal, incorrectly de-stoned olives at any angles (also known as a “boat”), and an anomalous case (foreign elements such as leafs, small branches or stones, two olives or small parts of olives in the same pocket). The main objective of this paper is to illustrate how with the use of a system based on IoT and a physical chip (NeuroMem CM1K, General Vision Inc.) with neural networks for sorting purposes, it is possible to optimize the functionality of this type of machine by remotely analyzing the data obtained. The use of classifying hardware allows it to work at the nominal operating speed for these machines. This would be limited if other classifying techniques based on software were used.

“…The use of technology is a crucial factor in achieving sustainable production. For instance, in [2], the authors set out the problem arising from the need to use water in a sustainable and responsible manner, which requires highly accurate and expensive sensor-based systems and IoT technology. However, manufacturers invest great efforts in generating accessible technology based on low-cost devices that are supported or required by data connections with nodes that allow realistic monitoring and therefore water savings.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In [3], the authors demonstrate how precision agriculture and smart agriculture have evolved positively thanks to the application of these technologies. In addition, the authors of both [2,3] stress the need for security measures to ensure the quality of the data collected, as shown in Figure 1.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The starred layers are those affected by the information gathered from the nodes. The recommended architecture for smart-agro IoT platforms, as authors in [2] recommend, is depicted in Figure 3. It is important to note the role of the security layer that connects devices (sensor nodes) with applications (cloud computing, business intelligence layer); therefore, security is an important issue.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Distributed Key Management to Secure IoT Wireless Sensor Networks in Smart-Agro

Hussein

Ramos

Bermejo

2020

With the deepening of the research and development in the field of embedded devices, the paradigm of the Internet of things (IoT) is gaining momentum. Its technology's widespread applications increasing the number of connected devices constantly. IoT is built on sensor networks, which are enabling a new variety of solutions for applications in several fields (health, industry, defense, agrifood and agro sectors, etc.). Wireless communications are indispensable for taking full advantage of sensor networks but implies new requirements in the security and privacy of communications. Security in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is a major challenge for extending IoT applications, in particular those related to the smart-agro. Moreover, limitations on processing capabilities of sensor nodes, and power consumption have made the encryption techniques devised for conventional networks not feasible. In such scenario, symmetric-key ciphers are preferred for key management in WSN; key distribution is therefore an issue. In this work, we provide a concrete implementation of a novel scalable group distributed key management method and a protocol for securing communications in IoT systems used in the smart agro sector, based on elliptic curve cryptography, to ensure that information exchange between layers of the IoT framework is not affected by sensor faults or intentional attacks. In this sense, each sensor node executes an initial key agreement, which is done through every member's public information in just two rounds and uses some authenticating information that avoids external intrusions. Further rekeying operations require just a single message and provide backward and forward security.