Water management is paramount in countries with water scarcity. This also affects agriculture, as a large amount of water is dedicated to that use. The possible consequences of global warming lead to the consideration of creating water adaptation measures to ensure the availability of water for food production and consumption. Thus, studies aimed at saving water usage in the irrigation process have increased over the years. Typical commercial sensors for agriculture irrigation systems are very expensive, making it impossible for smaller farmers to implement this type of system. However, manufacturers are currently offering low-cost sensors that can be connected to nodes to implement affordable systems for irrigation management and agriculture monitoring. Due to the recent advances in IoT and WSN technologies that can be applied in the development of these systems, we present a survey aimed at summarizing the current state of the art regarding smart irrigation systems. We determine the parameters that are monitored in irrigation systems regarding water quantity and quality, soil characteristics and weather conditions. We provide an overview of the most utilized nodes and wireless technologies. Lastly, we will discuss the challenges and the best practices for the implementation of sensor-based irrigation systems.
Abstract-Due to the growing interest using underwater acoustic networks, there are more and more research papers about underwater communications. These papers are mainly focused on deployments and studies about the constraints of the underwater medium. The underwater acoustic channel is highly variable and the signal transmission can change according to environmental factors such as the temperature, pressure or salinity of the water. For this reason, it is important to know how these devices are developed and the maximum distance and data transfer rates they can achieve. To this end, this paper presents an exhaustive study of existing underwater acoustic modems where their main features are highlighted. We also review the main features of their hardware. All presented proposals in the research literature are compared with commercial underwater acoustic modems. Finally, we analyze different programs and improvements of existing network simulators that are often used to simulate and estimate the behavior of underwater networks.
Abstract-Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMI) are systems that measure, collect, analyse utilities distribution and consumption, and communicate with metering devices either on a schedule or on request. AMI are becoming a vital part of utilities distribution network and allow the development of Smart Cities. In this paper we propose an integrated Internet of Things (IoT) architecture for smart meter networks to be deployed in smart cities. It is shown the communication protocol, the data format, the data gathering procedure and the decision system based on big data treatment. The architecture includes electricity, water and gas smart meters. Real measurements will show the benefits of the proposed IoT architecture for both the customers and the utilities.
Continuous monitoring of chronic patients improves their quality of life and reduces the economic costs of the sanitary system. However, in order to ensure a good monitoring, high bandwidth and low delay are needed. The 5G technology offers higher bandwidth and lower delays and packets loss than previous technologies. This paper presents an architecture for smart eHealth monitoring of chronic patients. The architecture elements include wearable devices, to take measures from the body, and a smartphone in the patient side and a DataBase with an intelligent system which is able to send an alarm when it detects that it is happening something anomalous. The intelligent system uses machine learning in BigData taken from different hospitals and the data taken from the patient to diagnose and generate alarms. Experiment tests have been done to simulate the traffic from many users to the DataBase in order to evaluate the suitability of 5G in our architecture. When there is low number of users, like 100 or 200 users, we do not find big differences of round trip time between 4G and 5G, but when there are more users, like 1000 users, it increases considerably reaching 4 times more in 4G. The Packet Loss is almost null in 4G until 300 users while in 5G is possible to keep it null until 700 users. Our results point out that in order to have high number of patients continuously monitored, it is necessary to use 5G network because it offers low delays and guarantees the availability of bandwidth for all users.
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