“…At version 8.6, EMDS provides decision support for landscape‐level analyses through logic and decision engines integrated with the ArcGIS 10+ geographic information system (GIS; Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA) and the QGIS system (http://qgis.org/en/site/, last accessed on 11 April 2022). Representative examples of EMDS applications include DSSs for: - evaluating the environmental impact of an extensive road network on the Tahoe National Forest, CA, USA (Girvetz & Shilling, 2003),
- evaluating wetland management opportunities in the northern Netherlands (Janssen et al, 2005),
- evaluating the conservation potential of lands in the checkerboard ownership area of the central Sierra Nevada in California, USA (White et al, 2005),
- evaluating natural resource impacts caused by conventional forest management practices in forest plantations (Stolle et al, 2007),
- developing an integrated assessment framework and spatial DSS to support land‐use planning and forest carbon sequestration decisions in China (Wang et al, 2010),
- evaluating terrestrial and aquatic habitats across western Oregon, USA, for their suitability to meet defined ecological objectives (Staus et al, 2010),
- integrated landscape restoration on the Okanogan‐Wenatchee National Forest in the State of Washington, USA (Hessburg et al, 2013), and
- assessing ecological integrity of US National Forest System lands in the continental United States (Cleland et al, 2017).
Each of these examples makes use of the logic processing component of EMDS to assess some aspect of ecosystem state.…”