Shrimp‐based livelihoods in mangrove silvo‐aquaculture farming systems

Abstract

The paper reviews the following three types of mangrove-shrimp systems: (i) integrated with canals between platforms planted with mangrove; (ii) associated having larger areas of water and a large mangrove area; and (iii) separated, with a dyke separating ponds from forest. The variations in shrimp yield of integrated and associated systems, that is, mixed systems, are attributable to water exchange, % water surface, primary production, stocking of post-larvae, leaf litter fall and decomposition, species, cover and age of mangrove, and predators. Leaf litter from all mangrove species except Nipa palm adversely affect water quality. Leaf composition and decomposition rate vary between species; submersed leaves decompose faster. Low concentrations of decomposing leaves of certain species temporarily boosted shrimp growth. Shrimp yield has been found to be highest in ponds with 30-50% mangrove cover, but remained <400 kg ha À1 year À1 , if not fed timber production peaked at 55% mangrove cover (about 10 m 3 ha À1 year À1 ). Annual benefit-cost ratio was better in integrated systems than in associated systems, but one study found the reverse in a long-term computation. An integrated mangrove-shrimp farm of 4 ha may provide farmers with a decent livelihood in Vietnam, if contracts do not restrict recommended practices to keep water quality within the limits acceptable for shrimp. Separated systems, where mangroves are fully connected to open water, have more potential to contribute to ecological, economic and social sustainability. Enhancing the economic returns by capitalizing on ecosystem services through carbon credits and organic certification, will require support for initial investment and clustering of farms.

Conceptualizing Serious Games as a Learning-Based Intervention in the Context of Natural Resources and Environmental Governance

“…Dedicated efforts to restore and maintain mangrove have been implemented in Vietnam, inclusive of a policy program supporting integrated mangrove shrimp farming (IMS). IMS can be economically viable and allow for sufficient ecological quality [43], particularly compared to extensive shrimp systems [30]. However, it has been observed that farmers who practice extensive farming do not adopt IMS voluntarily.…”

Economic Valuation of Mangrove Ecosystems and Their Contribution to Household Income: Case Studies at Pemogan, Tuban, and Kutawaru Villages

“…Secara umum masyarakat sekitar mangrove tidak memiliki kemampuan untuk beralih mata pencaharian karena keterbatasan kemampuan dan rendahnya tingkat pendidikan (Hussain & Badola, 2010). Penyediaan alternatif mata pencaharian yang memberikan penghidupan yang layak bagi masyarakat lokal diperlukan untuk mendukung usaha pelestarian ekosistem mangrove (Ahmad, 2009;Bosma, Nguyen, Siahainenia, Tran, & Tran, 2016;Karlina, Kusmana, Marimin, & Bismark, 2016).…”

An Investigation of the Role of Social Dynamics in Conversion to Sustainable Integrated Mangrove‐Shrimp Farming in Ben Tre Province, Vietnam

“…Respondents said that to support a family, an IMS farm had to cover at least 2 ha. The literature mentions an even larger area requirement, of 4 to 6 ha (Bosma et al, 2014). This variation may be due to the different sizes of IMS farms found in the different research areas.…”

“…These mixed systems incorporate mangrove planting in and around ponds for shrimp culture, or on bunds or platforms on the ponds. IMS farming contributes more to biodiversity than other shrimp farming systems (Bosma et al, 2014). However, despite the benefits of these integrated systems, their uptake has been slow.…”