Shikonin ameliorates D-galactose-induced oxidative stress and cognitive impairment in mice via the MAPK and nuclear factor-κB signaling pathway

Mechanistic Insights into Ameliorating Effect of Geraniol on d-Galactose Induced Memory Impairment in Rats

“…Noteworthy, our results revealed that systemic chronic administration of d -gal induces oxidative stress; this is evidenced by decreased SOD activity and GSH content as well as increased MDA level. These findings are in accordance with a previous study suggesting that d -gal enhanced ROS generation has been associated with disruption of oxidant/antioxidant balance [ 26 ].…”

“…These findings are in accordance with a previous study suggesting that d-gal enhanced ROS generation has been Fig. 6 associated with disruption of oxidant/antioxidant balance [26].…”

Natural product derived phytochemicals in managing acute lung injury by multiple mechanisms

“…et Zucc. Previous studies have demonstrated that shikonin possesses anti-cancer, anti-osteoporosis, anti-inflammatory and anti-bacterial activities [ [365] , [366] , [367] ]. As regards ALI, shikonin could prevent LPS- or CLP-induced ALI in mice, and effects of shikonin were due to its inhibitory effects on expression of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α, IL-1β, NO, IL-6, COX-2, iNOS, NO and MCP-1.…”

Shikonins as natural products from traditional Chinese medicinal plants: their biosynthesis, genetic regulation, structuralmodifications, and pharmaceutical functions

“…紫草素的抗菌和抗病毒活性 紫草宁具有显著的抗真菌、抗细菌和抗病毒活性(表 3) 。在抗真菌方面，研 究发现 [161][162][163][164][165] 紫草宁可通过积累内源性 NO，抑制 YHB1 和 CTA4 的功能发挥抗 真菌作用。此外，紫草宁及其衍生物还可通过 HST3 介导的 H3K56ac(histone H3 on lysine 56 residue)， 直接发挥抗真菌活性 [166] 。紫草宁及其衍生物抗细菌作用主 要与其对肽聚糖的亲和力、细胞膜的通透性和 ATP 结合(ABC)转运蛋白的活 性有关 [167][168][169][170][171] 。紫草宁抗病毒方面，研究显示紫草宁衍生物可通过抑制炎性因子 interleukin-1 β(IL-1β)， interleukin-6/8(IL-6/8)和 TNF-α 发挥抗肠道病毒 EV71 作用。2019 年新冠肺炎大流行之际，研究者通过分子模拟筛选及蛋白活性实验 发现紫草宁通过抑制 Mpro 水解酶活性可有效抑制病毒复制达到抗病毒效果 [172,173] 。此外，研究结果还发现乙酰紫草宁可通过上调 Nur77 表达和 JNK 激活发 挥抗乙型肝炎病毒作用 [174][175][176][177] 。 4.4. 紫草素的其他生物学活性 紫草宁及其衍生物还可以愈合伤口， 保护急性肝肺损伤， 促进成骨细胞生成， 保护心肌细胞治疗动脉粥样硬化。例如，紫草宁可通过 NF-κB/MAPK 途径，减 轻 D-半乳糖诱导的记忆损伤、神经炎症和神经退行性变；还发现去氧紫草宁能 够促进糖尿病小鼠的伤口愈合 [178][179][180][181][182] 。 表 3. 紫草素的生物活性及其药理机制 Shikonins are natural products having naphthoquinone structures used in clinical treatments for sores and dermatitis.…”