Sensing by wireless reading Ag/AgCl redox conversion on RFID tag: universal, battery-less biosensor design

Abstract

Massive integration of biosensors into design of Internet-of-Things (IoT) is vital for progress of healthcare. However, the integration of biosensors is challenging due to limited availability of battery-less biosensor designs. In this work, a combination of nanomaterials for wireless sensing of biological redox reactions is described. The design exploits silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) as part of the RFID tag antenna. We demonstrate that a redox enzyme, particularly, horseradish peroxidase (HRP), can convert AgNPs into AgCl in the presence of its substrate, hydrogen peroxide. This strongly changes the impedance of the tag. The presented example exploits gold nanoparticle (AuNP)-assisted electron transfer (ET) between AgNPs and HRP. We show that AuNP is a vital intermediate for establishing rapid ET between the enzyme and AgNPs. As an example, battery-less biosensor-RFID tag designs for H2O2 and glucose are demonstrated. Similar battery-less sensors can be constructed to sense redox reactions catalysed by other oxidoreductase enzymes, their combinations, bacteria or other biological and even non-biological catalysts. In this work, a fast and general route for converting a high number of redox reaction based sensors into battery-less sensor-RFID tags is described.

Nanocatalysts Containing Direct Electron Transfer-Capable Oxidoreductases: Recent Advances and Applications

“…Lactate biosensors based on DET-capable lactate dehydrogenase were demonstrated as well [81]. Quite an interesting application of DET-capable oxidoreductases in biosensing was demonstrated recently by Larpant et al [82]. In this work, a wireless biosensing application of DET-based oxidoreductase with conductive nanomaterials was demonstrated, and it may open new possibilities for the development of wireless biosensors.…”

Simultaneous Analysis of Hydroquinone, Arbutin, and Ascorbyl Glucoside Using a Nanocomposite of Ag@AgCl Nanoparticles, Ag2S Nanoparticles, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, and Chitosan

“…The reverse scan showed a single reduction peak (peak III) at −0.11 V, which was attributed to the reduction of Ag + to Ag 0 and confirmed the presence of Ag@AgCl on Ag 2 S/CNTs [ 21 ]. The CV curve of the Ag@AgCl/Ag 2 S/CNTs/GCE ( Figure 2 b) exhibited a sharp oxidation current peak at 0.38 V (peak II) due to the oxidation of Ag 0 to AgCl and its corresponding reduction current peak at −0.11 V (peak III, AgCl to Ag 0 ) [ 22 ]. A weak oxidative current in the potential range of 0.27 V (peak I) was induced by an oxidative reaction of as-prepared carbon composites with oxygen-containing surface functional groups [ 23 ].…”

Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids

“…Last but not least, recent efforts have been directed towards the development of wireless bacteria sensitive biosensors based on near field communication and radio frequency identification tags [187,188]. The approaches were realized by coupling a biosensor electrode as a part of the tag antenna.…”