2020
DOI: 10.3390/s20216352
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Non-Invasive Electrochemical Biosensors Operating in Human Physiological Fluids

Abstract: Non-invasive healthcare technologies are an important part of research and development nowadays due to the low cost and convenience offered to both healthcare receivers and providers. This work overviews the recent advances in the field of non-invasive electrochemical biosensors operating in secreted human physiological fluids, viz. tears, sweat, saliva, and urine. Described electrochemical devices are based on different electrochemical techniques, viz. amperometry, coulometry, cyclic voltammetry, and impedanc… Show more

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Cited by 35 publications
(15 citation statements)
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References 173 publications
(408 reference statements)
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“…Therefore, nowadays, biosensor-based techniques are applied for the determination of different biologically active materials [ 1 , 2 ]. Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors are the most frequently used among many other types of biosensors [ 3 , 4 ]. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic (enzyme-mimicking) [ 5 ] reactions are the most frequently exploited during the action of catalytic biosensors and sensors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Therefore, nowadays, biosensor-based techniques are applied for the determination of different biologically active materials [ 1 , 2 ]. Amperometric enzyme-based biosensors are the most frequently used among many other types of biosensors [ 3 , 4 ]. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic (enzyme-mimicking) [ 5 ] reactions are the most frequently exploited during the action of catalytic biosensors and sensors.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…By contrast, electrochemical sensors, typically employed for continuous sweat monitoring, require constant flux of sweat over the sensor surface to maintain analytical performance. 30,45,49,50,114 of active or passive valves enables discrete activation of sensors, deconvolution of flow-rate effects, and programmed sensing at selected time intervals. The expanding library of valving approaches, in combination with other emerging design concepts such as integrated mixing systems, 115 facilitates the development of devices capable of high-precision sensing of sweat biomarkers.…”
Section: ■ Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The recent years witnessed a tremendous progress in the development of enzymatic biosensors as wearable devices for the non-invasive analysis of biomarkers in physiological fluids [ 2 ], for example for the detection of glucose, lactate, alcohol and uric acid analysis in sweat [ 3 ]. The in vivo analysis is another area that has seen progress in designing electrochemical enzyme biosensors with enhanced selectivity [ 4 , 5 , 6 ] best illustrated by implantable electrodes for the detection of neurotransmitters in the brain [ 7 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%