State of Sweat: Emerging Wearable Systems for Real-Time, Noninvasive Sweat Sensing and Analytics

Abstract

Skin-interfaced wearable systems with integrated colorimetric assays, microfluidic channels, and electrochemical sensors offer powerful capabilities for noninvasive, real-time sweat analysis. This Perspective details recent progress in the development and translation of novel wearable sensors for personalized assessment of sweat dynamics and biomarkers, with precise sampling and real-time analysis. Sensor accuracy, system ruggedness, and large-scale deployment in remote environments represent key opportunity areas, enabling broad deployment in the context of field studies, clinical trials, and recent commercialization. On-body measurements in these contexts show good agreement compared to conventional laboratory-based sweat analysis approaches. These device demonstrations highlight the utility of biochemical sensing platforms for personalized assessment of performance, wellness, and health across a broad range of applications.

Organometallic Magnesium Complex with Aggregation Induced Emission Properties: Synthesis, Characterization, and Fluorescent Fibers Applications

“…Sweat contains a wealth of chemical information that could potentially indicate the body's deeper biomolecular state. Normal human sweat can be divided into acid sweat and alkaline sweat and pathological changes of the human body may change the composition of the sweat [44–46] . Here, the fluorescence of Mg(DBM) 2 /alginate fibres changed in different types of sweat.…”

“…Normal human sweat can be divided into acid sweat and alkaline sweat and pathological changes of the human body may change the composition of the sweat. [44][45][46] Here, the fluorescence of Mg(DBM) 2 /alginate fibres changed in different types of sweat. As shown in Figure 6a, the fluorescence density decreased lightly in alkaline sweat but seriously reduced in acidic sweat.…”

E-Skin: The Dawn of a New Era of On-Body Monitoring Systems

“…Skin-interfaced wearable sensors for sweat analysis, based on integrated microfluidic channels coupled with colorimetric or electrochemical sensors, demonstrated promising prospects for application in real-time, non-invasive athletic monitoring and personalized clinical medicine. The latest advances in skin-interfaced microfluidics for noninvasive sweat sensing were discussed in detail in recent review articles [280,281]. Skin-mounted microfluidic devices are designed to collect, store and chemically analyze the sweat released by the eccrine glands, consisting of a microfluidic device, sensing system, and electronic components.…”

Super‐Hydrophilic Zwitterionic Polymer Surface Modification Facilitates Liquid Transportation of Microfluidic Sweat Sensors

“…Currently, many sweat sensors rely on microfluidic techniques for sweat sampling and transportation. [24][25][26][27][28] The materials for such microfluidic devices are mostly based on elastomeric polymers with appropriate strength, stretchability, and processibility, such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) [29][30][31] and its derivatives. [32,33] However, traditional elastomers often suffer from inherent limitations due to their hydrophobic nature, which leads to poor wettability of the microfluidic devices and results in insufficient sweat transportation of the sensors.…”