Simultaneous Analysis of Hydroquinone, Arbutin, and Ascorbyl Glucoside Using a Nanocomposite of Ag@AgCl Nanoparticles, Ag2S Nanoparticles, Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes, and Chitosan

Abstract

A nanocomposite comprising Ag nanoparticles on AgCl/Ag2S nanoparticles was decorated on multi-walled carbon nanotubes and used to modify a glassy carbon electrode. Chitosan was also formulated in the nanocomposite to stabilize Ag2S nanoparticles and interact strongly with the glucose moiety of arbutin (AR) and ascorbyl glucoside (AA2G), two important ingredients in whitening lotion products. The modified electrode was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and cyclic voltammetry and used for the simultaneous analysis of hydroquinone (HQ), AR, and AA2G. The electrode showed excellent electrocatalysis towards the analytes by shifting the anodic peak potential to a negative direction with ≈5-fold higher current. The sensor displayed a linearity of 0.91–27.2 μM for HQ, 0.73–14.7 μM for AR, and 1.18–11.8 μM for AA2G, without cross-interference. A detection limit was 0.4 μM for HQ, 0.1 μM for AR, and 0.25 μM for AA2G. The sensor was applied to determine HQ, AR, and AA2G spiked in the whitening lotion sample with excellent recovery. The measured concentration of each analyte was comparable to that of the high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method.

Functionalized chitosan nanoparticles for cutaneous delivery of a skin whitening agent: an approach to clinically augment the therapeutic efficacy for melasma treatment

“…The peak recorded at 1215.08 cm −1 ; corresponding to P=O groups of TPP was shifted to 1232.77 cm −1 with drop in its intensity, confirming the electrostatic interaction occurring between the TPP negatively charged phosphate groups and the positively charged primary amino groups present in chitosan Moreover, the FT-IR spectra showed the peaks of –OH and C=O functional groups corresponding to the water and acetic acid employed during the preparation of blank CSNPs dispersions, overlapping with the peaks of the same functional groups present in chitosan, HA and collagen. On the other hand, the FT-IR spectrum of α-arbutin-loaded CSNPs ( Supplementary 4(g) ) revealed broadening/strengthening as well as increased peak intensity at 3443.08 cm −1 for O–H stretching, which could be ascribed to α-arbutin incorporation which formed a covalent bond interaction via its glucose (aglycone) moiety with the hydroxyl groups present in chitosan (Butwong et al., 2020 ). In addition, the spectrum indicated shifting and decreased intensity of the characteristic peak of TPP molecule to 1235.69 cm −1 , indicating the crosslinking effect with chitosan.…”

Photoenhanced Oxidase–Peroxidase-like NiCo2O4@MnO2 Nanozymes for Colorimetric Detection of Hydroquinone

“…Therefore, the detection of hydroquinone in the water environment is in dire need. Currently, various methods have been developed for hydroquinone detection, including electrochemical method, spectrophotometry, high-performance liquid chromatography, fluorescence method, etc . However, most of these methods are complex in instrumentation and operation, time-consuming, and of high cost .…”

Simultaneous Detection of Dihydroxybenzene Isomers Using Electrochemically Reduced Graphene Oxide-Carboxylated Carbon Nanotubes/Gold Nanoparticles Nanocomposite

“…However, due to their similar structure and closeness of oxidation potential, the multidetection of HQ, CC, and RS is not feasible with conventional electrodes such as glassy carbon electrodes (GCE), and surface modification is necessary. Intensive research work for novel chemically modified electrodes (CME) for multianalyte detection includes metal-organic frameworks (MOF) [ 15 , 16 ], conductive polymers [ 17 ], metal nanoparticles [ 18 ], cobalt-phthalocyanine [ 19 ], and carbon-based nanomaterials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT) [ 20 , 21 ].…”