Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

Abstract

The future grid will include a high penetration of distributed generation, which will have an impact on its security. This paper discusses the latest trends, components, tools, and frameworks aimed at 100% renewable energy generation for the emerging grid. The technical and economic impacts of renewable energy sources (RES)-based distributed generation (DG) on the emerging grid security are also discussed. Moreover, the latest approaches and techniques for allocating RES-DG into the distribution networks using specific performance indices based on recent literature were reviewed. Most of the methods in recent literature are based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms that can optimally allocate the RES-DGs based on the identified network variables. However, there is a need to extend these methods in terms of parameters considered, objectives, and possible ancillary support to the upstream network. The limitations of existing methods in recent literature aimed at ensuring the security of the integrated transmission-active distribution network under high RES-DG penetration were identified. Lastly, the existing coordination methods for voltage and frequency control at the transmission and active distribution system interface were also investigated. Relevant future research areas with a focus on ensuring the security of the emerging grid with high RES-DG penetration into the distribution networks are also recommended.

A Bi-Level Security Constrained Model for Optimal Flexibility Operation

“…The increasing penetration of variable energy generation source units and variable loads introduce significant variation in the distribution networks' operation, rendering the common reconfiguration objectives inadequate. Improper distribution network configuration may lead to increased power losses, bad voltage profile, low power factor, high reverse current, and high short circuit current contribution considering the high penetration of variable energy generation sources into the distribution network [12]. The hosting capacity and risk index are terms associated with the security condition of the modern distribution network with variable energy This preprint research paper has not been peer reviewed.…”

“…The concern, however, is how to ensure the grid's security during flexibility exchange from the DER units in the distressed transmission network regions. The flexibility operating region for the active and reactive power transfer from the distribution network under security constraints is one of the proposed approaches to ensure the grid's security during flexibility operations [12]. Figure 1 illustrates the interaction between the TSO and DSO for optimal flexibility operation in the modern grid.…”