Screening for&lt;b&gt;&lt;i&gt; Cronobacter&lt;/i&gt;&lt;/b&gt; Species in Powdered and Reconstituted Infant Formulas and from Equipment Used in Formula Preparation in Maternity Hospitals

Santos, Rosana Francisco Siqueira dos; Silva, Neusely da; Junqueira, Valéria Christina Amstalden; Kajsik, Michal; Forsythe, Stephen; Pereira, J.L.R.

doi:10.1159/000353137

Cited by 37 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…This is within the range of values found in previous studies, but not identical ( 26 , 35 – 37 ). If we consider that the pathogen has been quantified in PIF with contamination levels of 0.22–1.61 MPN/100g ( 39 ), 0.23–1.91 MPN/100g ( 40 ), and 0.023–2.3 MPN/g ( 41 ), the possibility of illness associated with consumption at these contamination levels is very real. The heterogeneous distribution of Cronobacter contamination in PIF should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula

et al. 2015

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IntroductionCertain strains of Cronobacter sakazakii can cause serious invasive infections in children, mainly those <2 months old and fed with powdered infant formula (PIF). The infectious dose of C. sakazakii is unknown but evidence suggests that it is approximately 1000 colony forming units (CFU). PIF is currently considered safe if its end-product C. sakazakii level is <1 CFU/g. In this study, we determined the lag time, generation time (GT), and growth rate of five pooled C. sakazakii isolates to evaluate the factors affecting contamination levels in reconstituted PIF.Methods1.71 log CFU/ml of C. sakazakii were inoculated into 100 and 3000 ml of reconstituted PIF and incubated at 22 and 35°C. Growth was evaluated over a 24-h period. ComBase was used for modeling.ResultsIn 3000 ml, the growth rate was 0.45 ± 0.02 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 3 ± 0.05 h and GT of 0.67 h at 22°C, while the growth rate was 0.73 ± 0.01 log CFU/h with a lag phase of 0.45 ± 0.03 h and GT of 0.41 h at 35° C.ConclusionCronobacter sakazakii grows rapidly in reconstituted PIF, especially at 35° C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula

et al. 2015

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“…Figure 4 described the application of MLST, which includes an initial genomic DNA extraction, PCR amplification of target genes, DNA purification of amplified fragments, Sanger sequencing, alignments to the MLST Cronobacter database, and finally MLST data outputs. This scheme has already been applied in epidemiologic investigations, screening for Cronobacter species in both commercial infant formula products and in hospital or industrial environments ( 60 , 62 , 67 , 68 ). However, Pan et al ( 62 ) reported that PFGE demonstrated a superior typing capability when compared with MLST and thereafter suggested a combined approach for the sub-typing of Cronobacter species from food and its related environments.…”

Section: Sub-typing Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strategies for the Identification and Tracking of Cronobacter Species: An Opportunistic Pathogen of Concern to Neonatal Health

Yan

Fanning

2015

Front. Pediatr.

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Cronobacter species are emerging opportunistic food-borne pathogens, which consists of seven species, including C. sakazakii, C. malonaticus, C. muytjensii, C. turicensis, C. dublinensis, C. universalis, and C. condimenti. The organism can cause severe clinical infections, including necrotizing enterocolitis, septicemia, and meningitis, predominately among neonates <4 weeks of age. Cronobacter species can be isolated from various foods and their surrounding environments; however, powdered infant formula (PIF) is the most frequently implicated food source linked with Cronobacter infection. This review aims to provide a summary of laboratory-based strategies that can be used to identify and trace Cronobacter species. The identification of Cronobacter species using conventional culture method and immuno-based detection protocols were first presented. The molecular detection and identification at genus-, and species-level along with molecular-based serogroup approaches are also described, followed by the molecular sub-typing methods, in particular pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and multi-locus sequence typing. Next generation sequence approaches, including whole genome sequencing, DNA microarray, and high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing, are also highlighted. Appropriate application of these strategies would contribute to reduce the risk of Cronobacter contamination in PIF and production environments, thereby improving food safety and protecting public health.

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“…In some cases, it would not be possible to isolate Cronobacter from each parallel sample portion, and therefore we suppose that Cronobacter numbers were low as it was shown in recent study in which the Cronobacter enumeration was performed (Siqueira Santos et al . ). In three samples, multiple strains originated from parallel isolation were obtained.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…It was shown recently that ST4 strains have been frequently isolated from PIFs and milk powder processing factories (Joseph and Forsythe ; Siqueira Santos et al . ; Sonbol et al . ).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Identification and characterization of Cronobacter strains isolated from powdered infant foods

Gičová

Orieskova

Oslanecova

et al. 2013

Lett Appl Microbiol

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Significance and Impact of the study: This study characterized Cronobacter strains isolated from powdered infant formulae and weaning foods by biotyping and multilocus sequence typing. The later method was shown to be more discriminative and suitable for both species identification and subtyping. Low level (0Á9%) of Cronobacter positivity was observed in 916 samples. Multiple sequence types were observed among strains isolated from the same food product. This highlights that multiple isolates from each single sample should be analysed in epidemiological studies, since more than one genetic subtype may be present. Thirteen Cronobacter strains were isolated from more than 900 powdered infant formulae, milk-based and cereal-based powdered weaning food products. The strains were assigned to five biogroups and ten multilocus sequence typing (MLST) sequence types. In total, twelve strains were identified as Cronobacter sakazakii and one strain as Cronobacter dublinensis. Multiple strains originated from parallel isolation were obtained in three samples and the variability between strains from the same food was observed twice. The results are in agreement with the hypothesis that the Cronobacter contamination detected in infant powdered food is low and originating in various accidental sources.

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Screening for<b><i> Cronobacter</i></b> Species in Powdered and Reconstituted Infant Formulas and from Equipment Used in Formula Preparation in Maternity Hospitals

Cited by 37 publications

References 33 publications

Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula

Investigation on the Factors Affecting Cronobacter sakazakii Contamination Levels in Reconstituted Powdered Infant Formula

Strategies for the Identification and Tracking of Cronobacter Species: An Opportunistic Pathogen of Concern to Neonatal Health

Identification and characterization of Cronobacter strains isolated from powdered infant foods

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