Scrap Tyre Management Pathways and Their Use as a Fuel—A Review

Rowhani, Amir; Rainey, Thomas J.

doi:10.3390/en9110888

Cited by 150 publications

(78 citation statements)

References 138 publications

(153 reference statements)

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“…The results of biomass analysis were obtained based on the characterization of biomass, the heating values of biomass, proximate analysis and ultimate analysis [50]. It is possible to observe that HHV obtained in the case of tires (38.6 MJ/kg) and of plastics and rubbers (31.6 MJ/kg) was twice the value of acacia and miscanthus, being similar results to those reported by others studies [51,52]. This evidence is due to the presence of high carbon content in polymeric fuels relative to the lignocellulosic fuels.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

et al. 2020

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The present work studies the possibility of energy recovery by thermal conversion of combustible residual materials, namely tires and rubber-plastic, plastic waste from outdoor luminaires. The waste has great potential for energy recovery (HHV: 38.6 MJ/kg for tires and 31.6 MJ/kg for plastic). Considering the thermal conversion difficulties of these residues, four co-combustion tests with mixtures of tires/plastics + pelletized Miscanthus, and an additional test with 100% Miscanthus were performed. The temperature was increased to the maximum allowed by the equipment, about 500 °C. The water temperature at the boiler outlet and the water flow were controlled (60 °C and 11 L/min). Different mixtures of residues (0–60% tires/plastics) were tested and compared in terms of power and gaseous emissions. Results indicate that energy production increased with the increase of tire residue in the mixture, reaching a maximum of 157 kW for 40% of miscanthus and 60% of tires. However, the automatic feeding difficulties of the boiler also increased, requiring constant operator intervention. As for plastic and rubber waste, fuel consumption generally decreased with increasing percentages of these materials in the blend, with temperatures ranging from 383 °C to 411 °C. Power also decreased by including such wastes (66–100 kW) due to feeding difficulties and cinder-fusing problems related to ash melting. From the study, it can be concluded that co-combustion is a suitable technology for the recovery of waste tires, but operational problems arise with high levels of residues in the mixture. Increasing pollutant emissions and the need for pre-treatments are other limiting factors. In this sense, the thermal gasification process was tested with the same residues and the same percentages of mixtures used in the co-combustion tests. The gasification tests were performed in a downdraft reactor at temperatures above 800 °C. Each test started with 100% acacia chip for reference (like the previous miscanthus), and then with mixtures of 0–60% of tires and blends of plastics and rubbers. Results obtained for the two residues demonstrated the viability of the technology, however, with mixtures higher than 40% it was very difficult to develop a process under stable conditions. The optimum condition for producing a synthesis gas with a substantial heating value occurred with mixtures of 20% of polymeric wastes, which resulted in gases with a calorific value of 3.64 MJ/Nm3 for tires and 3.09 MJ/Nm3 for plastics and rubbers.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 79%

Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Uncontrolled fire of disposed waste tires constitutes another serious threat, which affects the environment and human health. Although tires are materials relatively difficult to ignite, their fire is very hard to extinguish [11]. Many incidents have been reported, for example in 2016 the biggest illegal waste tire landfill in European Union caught fire.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling – recent advances and limitations

Formela¹,

Hejna²,

Zedler³

et al. 2019

Express Polym. Lett.

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Environmentally-friendly microwave heating is increasingly used in polymer chemistry and technology. The selectivity and highly efficiency in the heat transfer present a huge advantage in systems based on recycling, improving their productivity and economic competitiveness. In case of the industrial recycling of waste rubbers, especially end-of-life tires, microwave-induced devulcanization and pyrolysis are nowadays considered as promising approaches. This work aims to report the recent progress in microwave treatments of vulcanized rubbers with different compositions. Special attention is focused on the correlation between microwave processing parameters and devulcanization/pyrolysis efficiency, which have a significant impact on the structure-property relationships of the obtained products. Moreover, the main challenges affecting the future of the industrial application of the microwave technology in rubber recycling are also discussed.

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“…Numerous approaches are targeted to recycle and reuse the tire rubber in various applications, including landfill, retreading, recycling, and combustion. Conversion into liquid fuels has been also investigated, including gasification, hydrothermal liquefaction, and pyrolysis [1]. Recovery of energy has drawn the greatest attention of waste tires researchers [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

End of Life Tires as a Possible Source of Toxic Substances Emission in the Process of Combustion

et al. 2019

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Several million tons of end of life tires (ELTs) are piled annually as a result of human activities. Various methods have been proposed for the extraction and recycling of the resource potential of ELTs. The chemical composition of ELTs seems to enable their usage as a fuel after mechanical separation of a steel cord. Indeed, in the rubber of ELTs, up to 90 mass% accounts for carbon and hydrogen. Currently, it is by incineration that a significant proportion of ELTs is utilized. However, ELTs contain not only sulfur, which is used for vulcanization, but also nitrogen-containing additives. The behavior of these heteroatoms during oxidation is poorly investigated. It has been shown that the pyrolysis liquid fuel obtained from ELTs contains such sulfur compounds as mercaptans and nitrogen in the form of hydrocyanic acid and cyanogen. Deep oxidation of ELTs results in the oxidation of sulfur compounds to dioxide, but the oxidation products have been found to contain traces of cyanogen. Taking this into account, one should pay attention to the ways of transforming heteroatoms during the process of ELT oxidation and the products of ELT pyrolysis as potential sources of highly toxic gas emissions.

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Scrap Tyre Management Pathways and Their Use as a Fuel—A Review

Cited by 150 publications

References 138 publications

Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

Co-Combustion of Waste Tires and Plastic-Rubber Wastes with Biomass Technical and Environmental Analysis

Microwave treatment in waste rubber recycling – recent advances and limitations

End of Life Tires as a Possible Source of Toxic Substances Emission in the Process of Combustion

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