Salivary uric acid is a predictive marker of body fat percentage in adolescents

Given the high prevalence of obesity in children and adolescents, the investigation of early markers is of clinical importance to better manage this condition. Thus, the aim was to evaluate the cross-sectional relationship between salivary microbiota, gingival health status, and excess weight in adolescents. A total of 248 students (14-17 y; 119 girls) were included, free of caries lesions and periodontal pockets. Physical examination included measures of height, weight, and body fat percentage (%BF). Oral examination was performed to gather information on dental (DMFT index) and gingival health status. Unstimulated saliva was submitted to qPCR reactions to quantify Streptococcus mutans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Bifidobacteria, and Streptococcus pneumoniae percentages and the NFKappaB expression. Two-way ANOVA was applied considering group (normal-weight/overweight/obesity) and sex factors, in addition to cluster analysis. Group effect was significant for %S. mutans (partial eta 2 = 0.20; p < 0.001) and %Bifidobacteria (partial eta 2 = 0.19; p < 0.001), with overweight and obesity groups showing the highest levels compared to normal-weight ones, with no significant sex effect. There was no difference in the frequency of gingivitis, P. gingivalis, and S. pneumoniae percentages or NFKappaB expression between groups. Cluster analysis generated three clusters according to body fat accumulation: "Higher %BF," "Moderate %BF," and "Lower %BF." "Higher %BF" cluster was characterized by higher body fat percentage and higher salivary %Bifidobacteria, while cluster "Lower %BF" was characterized by lower body fat percentage and lower frequency of gingivitis ("Moderate %BF" cluster was the contrast). According to nutritional status, a difference in salivary S. mutans and Bifidobacteria percentages was found, with overweight or obesity adolescents showing the highest percentages than normal-weight ones. Besides, a positive relationship between body fat accumulation and Bifidobacteria count was observed, indicating a possible interaction between oral bacteria communities and weight gain.

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“…Body mass index (BMI = Kg/m 2 ) was used to classify the sample into normal-weight, overweight, and obesity as described earlier (28,29).…”

Section: Physical Examinationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Salivary Microbiological and Gingival Health Status Evaluation of Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A Cluster Analysis

et al. 2020

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“…Several problems arise in modeling the UV within virus-containing particles even when focusing primarily on virions in particles in dried respiratory droplets. Large variations occur in concentrations in airway fluids of materials such as mucins, other proteins, DNA, inorganic salts, uric acid, and other components of broken cells (Wyllie et al, 2020; Hawkins et al, 1963; Araujo et al, 2020). Even for a single person these concentrations may depend upon hydration, exercise, odors, time of day, time since last meal, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The use of four components (NaCl, mucin, DPPC and water) for the simulated saliva may be the reason for this crystallization into what appear to be somewhat pure materials, and the resulting nonsphericity. Human saliva, on the other hand, is highly complex (Edgar et al, 2012; Poehls et al, 2018; Hawkins et al 1963; Araujo et al, 2020; Peden et al, 1990) as seen in Section 2.2 above. There are many different inorganic (Na + , K + , Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Cl - , PO 4 3- , HCO 3 - , SCN - , F - ) electrolytes, organic acids (lactic and uric acids), glucose, amino acids, peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, etc.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can be partially shielded from UV radiation when in particles generated by sneezing or coughing: Numerical simulations

Doughty

Hill

Mackowski³

2020

Preprint

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UV radiation can inactivate viruses such as SARS-CoV-2. However, designing effective UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) systems can be difficult because the effects of dried respiratory droplets and other fomites on UV light intensities are poorly understood. Numerical modeling of UV intensities inside virus-containing particles on surfaces can increase understanding of these possible reductions in UV intensity. We model UV intensities within spherical approximations of virions randomly positioned within spherical particles. The model virions and dried particles have sizes and optical properties to approximate SARS-CoV-2 and dried particles formed from respiratory droplets, respectively. Wavelengths used are 260 nm (germicidal UVC) and 302 nm (solar UVB). In 5- and 9-μm diameter particles on a surface, illuminated by 260-nm UV light from a direction perpendicular to the surface, 10% and 18% (respectively) of simulated virions are exposed to intensities less than 1/100th of intensities in individually exposed virions (i.e., they are partially shielded). Even for 302-nm light, where the absorption is small, 11% of virions in 9-µm particles have exposures 1/100th those of individually exposed virions. Calculated results show that shielding of virions in a particle can be strongly reduced by illuminating a particle either from multiple widely separated incident directions, or by illuminating a particle rotating in air (because of turbulence, Brownian diffusion, etc.) for a time sufficient to rotate through all orientations with respect to the UV illumination. Because highly UV-reflective paints and surfaces can increase the angular ranges of illumination, they appear likely to be useful for reducing shielding of virions.

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“…Hikita et al 39 reported that SUA level was positively correlated with visceral fat area and subcutaneous fat area. According to a recent study, saliva UA has been proved to be an important marker of fat accumulation in adolescents 40 . Hyperuricemia reduces serum leptin levels, thereby inhibiting the decomposition of visceral fat and increasing the accumulation of TG in non-adipocytes, promoting the development of obesity 41 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gender Difference in the Association Between Serum Uric Acid Level and Metabolic Syndrome and Components: A Cross-Sectional Analysis among Chinese Young Adults

Fang

Chen

Zhu

et al. 2020

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Background: This study aimed to investigate the associations between serum uric acid (SUA) levels and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and MetS components in Chinese young adults. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 3044 young adults (1266 men and 1778 women). The anthropometric index, lipid profile, fasting blood glucose and SUA levels were measured. Male and female participants were grouped according to the quartiles of SUA level separately. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the association of SUA quartiles with MetS and its components. Results: The overall prevalence of hyperuricemia and MetS was 29.7% and 2%, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that compared with the lowest 2 quartiles of SUA together, the highest quartile showed an association with the prevalence of MetS and high triglyceride in males, and OR (95% CI) were 3.438(1.090-10.841) and 4.364(2.133-8.930) respectively after adjustments confounding factors. In terms of abdominal obesity, compared with the lowest 2 quartiles of SUA together, the OR (95% CI) was 1.976(1.128-3.459) for those in the third quartile and 1.766(1.020-3.057) for those in the highest quartile after adjustments confounding factors in females. Conclusions: This study suggested a significant positive relationship between SUA and MetS and its components among young adults. Hence, routine measurement of SUA is recommended to prevent hyperuricemia and its related complications.

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Salivary uric acid is a predictive marker of body fat percentage in adolescents

Cited by 14 publications

References 39 publications

Salivary Microbiological and Gingival Health Status Evaluation of Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A Cluster Analysis

Salivary Microbiological and Gingival Health Status Evaluation of Adolescents With Overweight and Obesity: A Cluster Analysis

Viruses such as SARS-CoV-2 can be partially shielded from UV radiation when in particles generated by sneezing or coughing: Numerical simulations

Gender Difference in the Association Between Serum Uric Acid Level and Metabolic Syndrome and Components: A Cross-Sectional Analysis among Chinese Young Adults

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