Salivary Microbiome Shifts in Response to Periodontal Treatment Outcome

Greenwood, David R.; Afacan, Beral; Emingil, Gülnur; Bostancı, Nagihan; Belibasakis, Georgios N.

doi:10.1002/prca.202000011

Cited by 27 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 48 publications

(57 reference statements)

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“…Although there are some differences in the classification of the core or predominant oral OTUs between the current and other studies 1,3 , the majority of the species were identified as the core oral OTUs across the studies. Since low-abundance rather than highly abundant OTUs may contribute more to the difference in oral bacterial communities 42,43 , detailed analysis of low-abundance OTUs would be important in future research. O. sinus and S. moorei were previously classified as core OTUs common to the salivary and tongue microbiomes 3 , but in our present study were identified as tongue-specific.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

et al. 2020

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Background: Oral microbiota has been linked to both health and disease. Specifically, tongue-coating microbiota has been implicated in aspiration pneumonia and halitosis. Approaches altering one's oral microbiota have the potential to improve oral health and prevent diseases. Methods: Here, we designed a study that allows simultaneous monitoring of the salivary and tongue microbiomes during an intervention on the oral microbiota. We applied this study design to evaluate the effect of single-day use of oral care tablets on the oral microbiome of 10 healthy individuals. Tablets with or without actinidin, a protease that reduces biofilm formation in vitro, were tested. Results: Alpha diversity in the saliva was higher than that on the tongue without the intervention. The core operational taxonomic units (OTUs) common to both sites were identified. The salivary and tongue microbiomes of one individual tended to be more similar to one another than to those of other individuals. The tablets did not affect the alpha or beta diversity of the oral microbiome, nor the abundance of specific bacterial species. Conclusions: While the salivary and tongue microbiomes differ significantly in terms of bacterial composition, they show inter- rather than intra-individual diversity. A one-day usage of oral care tablets did not alter the salivary or tongue microbiomes of healthy adults. Whether the use of oral tablets for a longer period on healthy people or people with greater tongue coating accumulation shifts their oral microbiome needs to be investigated.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

et al. 2020

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“…Deep sequencing of oral samples collected from chronic periodontitis patients demonstrated decreases in the relative abundance of subgingival plaque-specific bacteria in the salivary microbiota following periodontal therapy having significant associations with clinical improvements [101]. Next-generation sequencing was used to determine the non-surgical treatment effects on the saliva microbiome of generalized aggressive periodontitis patients [102]. Clinical improvements were not paralleled by relative abundance changes on the phylum, genus or species level, or diversity indices indicating a resilience of the salivary microbiome to treatment in this category of periodontitis patients.…”

Section: Advances In Dna Sequencing: Next-generation Sequencing For Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Clinical improvements were not paralleled by relative abundance changes on the phylum, genus or species level, or diversity indices indicating a resilience of the salivary microbiome to treatment in this category of periodontitis patients. Interestingly, that study attributed the observed limited microbiome shifts in patients with poor treatment outcomes to a potential emergence or inefficient elimination of virulent species, or to a failure of establishment of commensal species following treatment [102]. The subgingival microbial profile of wellmaintained periodontitis patients (N=14) having no evidence of clinical inflammation and progress of periodontitis was compared with healthy subjects (N=21) by sequencing the V3-V4 region of the 16S rDNA [103].…”

Section: Advances In Dna Sequencing: Next-generation Sequencing For Mmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding the microbial components of periodontal diseases and periodontal treatment-induced microbiological shifts

Fragkioudakis

Riggio

Apatzidou

2021

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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In the mid-1960s the microbial aetiology of periodontal diseases was introduced based on classical experimental gingivitis studies . Since then, numerous studies have addressed the fundamental role that oral microbiota plays in the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases. Recent advances in laboratory identification techniques have contributed to a better understanding of the complexity of the oral microbiome in both health and disease. Modern culture-independent methods such as human oral microbial identification microarray and next-generation sequencing have been used to identify a wide variety of microbial taxa residing in the gingival sulcus and the periodontal pocket. The first theory of the ‘non-specific plaque’ hypothesis gave rise to the ‘ecological plaque’ hypothesis and more recently to the ‘polymicrobial synergy and dysbiosis hypothesis’. Periodontitis is now considered to be a multimicrobial inflammatory disease in which the various bacterial species within the dental biofilm are in a dysbiotic state and this imbalance favours the establishment of chronic inflammatory conditions and ultimately the destruction of tooth-supporting tissues. Apart from the known putative periodontal pathogens, the whole biofilm community is now considered to play a role in the establishment of inflammation and the initiation and progression of periodontitis in a susceptible host. Treatment is unlikely to eliminate putative pathogens but, when it is thoroughly performed it has the potential to establish a healthy ecosystem by altering the microbial community in numbers and composition and also contribute to the maturation of the host immune response.

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“…It has been shown that a decreased alpha diversity, as well as alterations in certain taxa such as opportunistic Gammaproteobacteria or pathogenic families Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococcaceae , among others, are associated with autoimmune and metabolic disorders, cancer and immunodeficiency states 30 . Microbial indicators have also been described in relation to treatment response in the case of aggressive periodontitis 31 , emphasizing its importance to predict therapeutic outcome, as well as to design preventive, diagnostic and prognostic tools. Therefore, the objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of the selected hypervariable regions on the statistical differentiation of soil samples collected along a pedogenic gradient 26 and saliva samples from healthy individuals with different oral types 28 , 32 , 33 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of 16S rRNA target region on the outcome of microbiome studies in soil and saliva samples

Soriano‐Lerma

Pérez-Carrasco

Sánchez‐Marañón

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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Next generation sequencing methods are widely used in evaluating the structure and functioning of microbial communities, especially those centered on 16S rRNA subunit. Since Illumina Miseq, the most used sequencing platform, does not allow the full sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, this study aims to evaluate whether the choice of different target regions might affect the outcome of microbiome studies regarding soil and saliva samples. V1V3, V3V4, V4V5 and V6V8 domains were studied, finding that while some regions showed differences in the detection of certain bacterial taxa and in the calculation of alpha diversity, especially in soil samples, the overall effect did not compromise the differentiation of any sample type in terms of taxonomic analysis at the genus level. 16S rRNA target regions did affect the detection of specific bacteria related to soil quality and development, and microbial genera used as health biomarkers in saliva. V1V3 region showed the closest similarity to internal sequencing control mock community B, suggesting it might be the most preferable choice regarding data reliability. Over the last decade, there has been a rapid rise in the development of microbiome studies because of the understanding of microbial communities as one of the main factors involved in environmental processes and in human health and disease. The affordability, reliability and high-throughput yield of data provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to the substitution of classical approaches, such as culture-based methods, in the characterization of microorganisms 1. Depending on the objective of the research, amplicon sequencing or whole metagenome sequencing can be used to gain insight into microbial structural and functional patterns. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA subunit is the most widely used and cost effective strategy to discern the structure of the microbiome in all sorts of environments 2,3. 16S rRNA is a highly conserved and universal gene, whose sequence is about 1,500 bp long and consists of nine hypervariable regions (V1-V9) separated by conserved segments, working the latter as target sequences for primer design 4. 16S rRNA sequence has been fully characterized in a great number of bacterial species and strains, and a wide variety of primers have been designed to offer a broad applicability in the analysis of microbiome structure 2,5 , especially through the use of NGS platforms such as Illumina Miseq 3. Since Illumina Miseq does not allow the full sequencing of 16S rRNA (up to 600 bp), its hypervariable regions can be used individually or can be combined to assess the structure of bacterial communities 6. It has been shown that both the use of different primers and regions affects the outcome of microbiome studies 5,7-11 , and thus, such factors should be taken into consideration when designing a sequencing analysis. There are a considerable number of studies analyzing the effect of primers choice in the profiling of microbiome communities. It is known that the analysis of the human...

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Salivary Microbiome Shifts in Response to Periodontal Treatment Outcome

Cited by 27 publications

References 48 publications

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

Inter-site and interpersonal diversity of salivary and tongue microbiomes, and the effect of oral care tablets

Understanding the microbial components of periodontal diseases and periodontal treatment-induced microbiological shifts

Influence of 16S rRNA target region on the outcome of microbiome studies in soil and saliva samples

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