The application of next generation sequencing techniques has allowed the characterization of the urinary tract microbiome and has led to the rejection of the pre-established concept of sterility in the urinary bladder. Not only have microbial communities in the urinary tract been implicated in the maintenance of health but alterations in their composition have also been associated with different urinary pathologies, such as urinary tract infections (UTI). Therefore, the study of the urinary microbiome in healthy individuals, as well as its involvement in disease through the proliferation of opportunistic pathogens, could open a potential field of study, leading to new insights into prevention, diagnosis and treatment strategies for urinary pathologies. In this review we present an overview of the current state of knowledge about the urinary microbiome in health and disease, as well as its involvement in the development of new therapeutic strategies.

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Next generation sequencing methods are widely used in evaluating the structure and functioning of microbial communities, especially those centered on 16S rRNA subunit. Since Illumina Miseq, the most used sequencing platform, does not allow the full sequencing of 16S rRNA gene, this study aims to evaluate whether the choice of different target regions might affect the outcome of microbiome studies regarding soil and saliva samples. V1V3, V3V4, V4V5 and V6V8 domains were studied, finding that while some regions showed differences in the detection of certain bacterial taxa and in the calculation of alpha diversity, especially in soil samples, the overall effect did not compromise the differentiation of any sample type in terms of taxonomic analysis at the genus level. 16S rRNA target regions did affect the detection of specific bacteria related to soil quality and development, and microbial genera used as health biomarkers in saliva. V1V3 region showed the closest similarity to internal sequencing control mock community B, suggesting it might be the most preferable choice regarding data reliability. Over the last decade, there has been a rapid rise in the development of microbiome studies because of the understanding of microbial communities as one of the main factors involved in environmental processes and in human health and disease. The affordability, reliability and high-throughput yield of data provided by next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies has led to the substitution of classical approaches, such as culture-based methods, in the characterization of microorganisms 1. Depending on the objective of the research, amplicon sequencing or whole metagenome sequencing can be used to gain insight into microbial structural and functional patterns. Sequencing analysis of 16S rRNA subunit is the most widely used and cost effective strategy to discern the structure of the microbiome in all sorts of environments 2,3. 16S rRNA is a highly conserved and universal gene, whose sequence is about 1,500 bp long and consists of nine hypervariable regions (V1-V9) separated by conserved segments, working the latter as target sequences for primer design 4. 16S rRNA sequence has been fully characterized in a great number of bacterial species and strains, and a wide variety of primers have been designed to offer a broad applicability in the analysis of microbiome structure 2,5 , especially through the use of NGS platforms such as Illumina Miseq 3. Since Illumina Miseq does not allow the full sequencing of 16S rRNA (up to 600 bp), its hypervariable regions can be used individually or can be combined to assess the structure of bacterial communities 6. It has been shown that both the use of different primers and regions affects the outcome of microbiome studies 5,7-11 , and thus, such factors should be taken into consideration when designing a sequencing analysis. There are a considerable number of studies analyzing the effect of primers choice in the profiling of microbiome communities. It is known that the analysis of the human...

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Veillonella dispar is a Gram-negative anaerobic coccus involved in only a few human diseases. We report the second case of bacteremia due to this microorganism in an elderly patient. A 72-year-old man with a history of bladder cancer presented with diarrhea, vomiting, and fever for 48 hours. After the diagnosis of septic shock, four sets of blood cultures were taken, and three of them yielded V. dispar. Resistance to metronidazole, penicillin, and piperacillin-tazobactam was documented. Treatment with clindamycin was started, and the patient was discharged after improvement in his general condition.

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Natural phenolic compounds have gained momentum for the prevention and treatment of cancer, but their antitumoral mechanism of action is not yet well understood. In the present study, we screened the antitumoral potential of several phenolic compounds in a cellular model of colorectal cancer (CRC). We selected gallic acid (GA) as a candidate in terms of potency and selectivity and extensively evaluated its biological activity. We report on the role of GA as a ligand of DNA G-quadruplexes (G4s), explaining several of its antitumoral effects, including the transcriptional inhibition of ribosomal and CMYC genes. In addition, GA shared with other established G4 ligands some effects such as cell cycle arrest, nucleolar stress, and induction of DNA damage. We further confirmed the antitumoral and G4-stabilizing properties of GA using a xenograft model of CRC. Finally, we succinctly demonstrate that GA could be explored as a therapeutic agent in a patient cohort with CRC. Our work reveals that GA, a natural bioactive compound present in the diet, affects gene expression by interaction with G4s both in vitro and in vivo and paves the way towards G4s targeting with phenolic compounds.