Salinomycin Toxicosis in Male Breeder Turkeys

Andreasen, James R.; Schleifer, J. H.

doi:10.2307/1591821

Cited by 24 publications

(20 citation statements)

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“…Piglets, adult swine and broiler chickens can also tolerate up to 60, 70 and 30ppm of salinomycin, respectively (Laczay et al 1989, Ganter et al 1995. The clinical picture of the animals was, basically, a consequence of the locomotor disorder caused by the lesions in the skeletal musculature, similarly to that reported for poisoning by narasin in rabbits (Salles et al 1994) and swine (Armién et al 1997), and salinomycin in swine (Miller et al 1986, Ganter et al 1995, horses (Rollinson et al 1987), turkeys (Harries & Hanson 1991, Andreasen & Schleifer 1995, Assen 2006, cattle (Bastianello et al 1996, Gava et al 1997) and cats (Van der Linde-Sipman 1999). Diarrhea has been observed subsequent to consumption of salinomycinin by horses (Rollinson et al 1987) and cattle (Gava et al 1997), and after narasin poisoning in rabbits (Salles et al 1994), but its pathogenesis is unknown.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Accidental and experimental salinomycin poisoning in rabbits

et al. 2009

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Pesq. Vet. Bras. 29(9):695-699, setembro 2009 RESUMO.-[Intoxicações natural e experimental por salinomicina em coelhos.] Relata-se, pela primeira vez, um surto de intoxicação por salinomicina em coelhos. De 2000 animais, no mínimo 27 morreram após troca do coccidiostático sulfaquinoxalina pela salinomicina. A aná-lise de parte da ração detectou 26,9ppm de salinomicina. Os sinais clínicos observados foram anorexia, apatia e lentidão com evolução para incoordenação dos movimentos e decúbito. As lesões macroscópicas consistiram de áreas pálidas na musculatura esquelética. O exame histopatológico evidenciou miopatia degenerativo-necrótica. Adicionalmente, verificou-se reação inflamatória constituída por neutrófilos e macrófagos. Um coelho apresentou lesões similares no miocárdio. Em alguns casos, mineralização estava presente nos músculos esqueléti-cos afetados. Vinte coelhos experimentais foram divididos em 5 grupos que receberam 10, 25, 50, 75 e 100ppm de salinomicina por via oral, com a finalidade de reproduzir a intoxicação. Os animais que receberam a partir de 50ppm de salinomicina apresentaram sinais clínicos semelhantes aos observados no surto espontâneo. Nossos resultados indicam que, provavelmente, erro na mistura da substância à ração causou a morte dos coelhos.TERMOS DE INDEXAÇÃO: Salinomicina, intoxicação, miopatia tóxica, coelhos. INTRODUCTIONSalinomycin, an antibiotic of the ionophore group, is used to control coccidiosis and also to promote weight gain in poultry, rabbits, cattle and swine (Novilla 1992 An outbreak of salinomycin poisoning in rabbits is described. At least 27 out of 2,000 rabbits reared on a farm died after the coccidiostatic drug sulfaquinoxaline was substituted by salinomycin in the feed. An average of 26.9ppm salinomycin was detected in the ration given to the rabbits. Clinical signs included anorexia, apathy and bradykinesia, which progressed to incoordination and recumbency. Gross lesions consisted of pale areas in the skeletal muscles. The histopathological findings showed severe necrotic degenerative myopathy in association with infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages. One rabbit exhibited similar alterations in the myocardium. Mineralization was observed in the affected skeletal muscles in some cases. In order to verify if the poisoning was due to salinomycin, 20 rabbits were divided into five groups and a ration containing the drug at doses of 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100ppm was given. The administration of doses higher than 50ppm resulted in manifestation of the clinical signs seen in the outbreak of poisoning. It was concluded, that probably an error related to the mixture of salinomycin in the feed was the cause of deaths in the spontaneous outbreak of poisoning on the rabbit farm.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 65%

Accidental and experimental salinomycin poisoning in rabbits

et al. 2009

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“…Both acute and chronic intoxication have been described, especially with maduramycin in cattle fed poultry litter (192). Ionophore intoxication is also well known in birds (18,26,28,179). Not all bird species are equally sensitive to the toxicity of ionophores.…”

Section: Vol 16 2003 Antimicrobial Growth Promoters In Animals 181mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Used in Animal Feed: Effects of Less Well Known Antibiotics on Gram-Positive Bacteria

2003

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There are not many data available on antibiotics used solely in animals and almost exclusively for growth promotion. These products include bambermycin, avilamycin, efrotomycin, and the ionophore antibiotics (monensin, salinomycin, narasin, and lasalocid). Information is also scarce for bacitracin used only marginally in human and veterinary medicine and for streptogramin antibiotics. The mechanisms of action of and resistance mechanisms against these antibiotics are described. Special emphasis is given to the prevalence of resistance among gram-positive bacteria isolated from animals and humans. Since no susceptibility breakpoints are available for most of the antibiotics discussed, an alternative approach to the interpretation of MICs is presented. Also, some pharmacokinetic data and information on the influence of these products on the intestinal flora are presented

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“…Salinomycin is extensively used as a coccidiostat in poultry and other livestock and is commonly fed to ruminant animals to improve feed efficiency (4,33). However, salinomycin can also cause severe toxicity when accidentally fed to animals in relatively high doses, as described for chickens (9,12,19), turkeys (1,24,31), cats (32), pigs (14,22,23), alpacas (15), and horses (21,25). Severe human poisoning with salinomycin has also been reported (30).…”

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confidence: 99%

P-Glycoprotein Limits Oral Availability, Brain Penetration, and Toxicity of an Anionic Drug, the Antibiotic Salinomycin

Lagas

Sparidans

Waterschoot

et al. 2008

Antimicrob Agents Chemother

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Salinomycin is a polyether organic anion that is extensively used as a coccidiostatic antibiotic in poultry and commonly fed to ruminant animals to improve feed efficiency. However, salinomycin also causes severe toxicity when accidentally fed to animals in high doses. In addition, humans are highly sensitive to salinomycin and severe toxicity has been reported. Multidrug efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein (P-gp), BCRP, and MRP2 are highly expressed in the intestine and can restrict the oral uptake and tissue penetration of xenobiotics. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the anionic drug salinomycin is a substrate for one or more of these efflux pumps. Salinomycin was actively transported by human MDR1 P-gp expressed in polarized MDCK-II monolayers but not by the known organic anion transporters human MRP2 and murine Bcrp1. Using P-gp-deficient mice, we found a marked increase in plasma salinomycin concentrations after oral administration and decreased plasma clearance after intravenous administration. Furthermore, absence of P-gp resulted in significantly increased brain penetration. P-gp-deficient mice also displayed clearly increased susceptibility to salinomycin toxicity. Thus far, P-gp was thought to affect mainly hydrophobic, positively charged or neutral drugs in vivo. Our data show that P-gp can also be a major determinant of the pharmacokinetic behavior and toxicity of an organic anionic drug. Variation in P-gp activity might thus directly affect the effective exposure to salinomycin and possibly to other anionic drugs and toxin substrates. Individuals with reduced or absent P-gp activity could therefore be more susceptible to salinomycin toxicity.

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Salinomycin Toxicosis in Male Breeder Turkeys

Cited by 24 publications

References 10 publications

Accidental and experimental salinomycin poisoning in rabbits

Accidental and experimental salinomycin poisoning in rabbits

Antimicrobial Growth Promoters Used in Animal Feed: Effects of Less Well Known Antibiotics on Gram-Positive Bacteria

P-Glycoprotein Limits Oral Availability, Brain Penetration, and Toxicity of an Anionic Drug, the Antibiotic Salinomycin

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