Seven restriction endonucleases (REs) were used to cleave the DNA from seven vaccine strains of infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) virus and from six Georgia field isolates of ILT virus. After electrophoresis of the resulting RE fragments, the patterns were compared in order to differentiate strains of ILT virus. The six chicken-embryo-origin (CEO) vaccines were identical with each RE, but the tissue-culture-origin (TCO) vaccine strain differed from the CEO vaccines using five of the REs. Four of the six field isolates were identical by each RE, but two field isolates differed from each other and from the four identical field isolates on the basis of patterns produced by some but not all of the REs. The four identical field isolates could not be differentiated from the CEO vaccine strains by any RE, but the other two field isolates were not identical to either strain of vaccine virus. This work demonstrates that differentiable strains of ILT virus exist in the United States and that viruses other than vaccine viruses are involved in field outbreaks of ILT.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a portion of the genome of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV). Two synthetic primers that annealed to segments of the IBV genome in the matrix and nucleocapsid genes facilitated PCR amplification of a 1020-base sequence. Amplification was successful using template DNA from an IBV sequence-containing plasmid and using copy DNA created by reverse transcription of IBV genomic RNA. The PCR product was the expected size and had the expected nucleotide sequence.
A sudden outbreak of mortality in one house of 600 48-week-old male breeder turkeys on a five-house turkey breeder farm was suspected to be feed-related. The turkeys gasped and became recumbent; 21.7% of affected turkeys died. No significant gross lesions were found at necropsy. Histological lesions, limited to skeletal muscle, consisted of degeneration and necrosis and were judged compatible with ionophore toxicosis. Feed samples from the affected house were analyzed by three techniques and shown to contain 13.4 to 18.4 g of salinomycin per ton of feed. An error at the feed mill was blamed for allowing contamination of the turkey feed with broiler starter feed containing salinomycin.
The effects of haemolysis on serum chemistry values in broiler and layer chickens, and in turkeys were determined using two types of serum chemistry analysers, a wet reagent analyser and a dry slide reagent analyser. The interfering effects of haemolysis were evaluated using eight levels of haemoglobin in serum analysed by the wet reagent instrument and six levels of haemoglobin in serum analysed by the dry slide reagent instrument. Nine serum chemistry analytical tests were performed on each analyser, including determination of glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase, gamma-glutamyl transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, calcium, phosphorus and uric acid. The interfering effects of haemolysis varied depending on type of analyser, type of bird and the specific test. With the wet reagent chemistry analyser, the gamma-glutamyl transferase, phosphorus and uric acid analytes were most sensitive to haemoglobin interference, and the albumin, total protein and creatine kinase analytes were most resistant. With the dry slide reagent analyser, the gamma-glutamyl transferase, phosphorus, and albumin analytes were most sensitive to haemoglobin interference, and the glucose and aspartate aminotransferase analytes were most resistant. The effects of haemoglobin interference were not consistent from one type of chemistry analyser to another. The dry slide reagent analyser did not appear to resist the effects of haemoglobin interference better than the wet reagent analyser in this study. Our results suggest the need to construct interferographs for each chemistry analyser, species, and type of bird.
Since hemolysis has been a common problem in submitted ratite serum samples, a study was performed to determine interference by hemolysates. Nine chemistry analytes including glucose, total protein, albumin, creatine kinase (CK), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AS7), calcium (Ca), phosphorus, and uric acid were evaluated on a wet reagent analyzer (Ciba Corning Express 550) and on a dry slide reagent analyzer (VetTest 8008). In emus, increasing hemoglobin concentrations increased total protein, albumin, and CK for both analyzers. With increasing hemoglobin concentrations, the Ciba Corning 550 analyte values were increased for AST, Ca, and uric acid and decreased for glucose and phosphorus, the opposite effect was seen in values from the VetTest 8008. GGT levels were variable or sometimes undetectable. Changes in ostrich analytes with hemolysis were similar to emus using the same analyzer. The effects of serum hemolysis often differed in magnitude and direction between the two chemistry analyzers. Interferographs were constructed to aid in rapid assessment of the effects of hemolysis on submitted serum samples.
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