Safety issues of raw milk: evaluation of bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of human milk from a bank in a teaching hospital, focusing on Staphylococcus species

Salerno, Tatiana; Siqueira, Amanda Keller; Pinto, José Paes de Almeida Nogueira; Cunha, Maria de Lourdes Ribeiro de Souza da; Silvestre, Patrícia Kelly; Condas, Larissa Anuska Zeni; Lara, Gustavo Henrique Batista; Pereira, Juliano Gonçalves; Silva, Aristeu Vieira da; Listoni, Fernando José Paganini; Martins, Lorrayne de Souza Araújo; Motta, Rodrigo Garcia; Ribeiro, Márcio Garcia

doi:10.1590/s1678-9946202163054

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 32 publications

(80 reference statements)

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“…A predominance of Staphylococcus species has been reported by several studies, but other miscellaneous bacteria have been identified in HM samples, including Klebsiella sp., Streptococcus sp., Pseudomonas sp., and Enterobacter sp. (104). Contamination of breastmilk may occur from a variety of sources including skin, breast pump and environment, and cases of severe sepsis caused by these microorganisms, transmitted by unpasteurised HM to premature babies, have been reported (105)(106)(107)(108).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

Moro,

Girard,

Peila

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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Infectious and toxicological risks are the main potential hazards that operators of Human Milk Banks (HMBs) encounter and must eliminate. HMBs are trying to implement procedures that allow to manage and sanitize human milk without altering significantly its nutritional and biologically protective components, obtaining a product characterized by a valid balance between safety and biological quality. The history of human milk processing is linked to the origins of HMBs themselves. And although other forms of sterilization were used originally, pasteurization soon became the recognized most effective means for sanitizing milk: all the milk that arrives at the HMB must be pasteurized. Holder pasteurization (HoP) is the most used methodology, and it is performed using low temperature and long time (+62.5°C for 30 min). With HoP some bioactive milk components are lost to varying degrees, but many other precious bioactive compounds are completely or partially preserved. To improve the quality of human milk processed by HMBs, maintaining in the meantime the same microbiological safety offered by HoP, new technologies are under evaluation. At present, High-Temperature Short-Time pasteurization (HTST) and High-Pressure Processing are the most studied methodologies. HTST is already utilized in some HMBs for daily practical activity and for research purposes. They seem to be superior to HoP for a better preservation of some nutritional and biologically protective components. Freeze-drying or lyophilization may have advantages for room temperature storage and transportation. The aim of this study is to evaluate the advancement regarding the processing of DHM with a literature search from 2019 to 2022. The effects of the new technologies on safety and quality of human milk are presented and discussed. The new technologies should assure microbiological safety of the final product at least at the same level as optimized HoP, with an improved preservation of the nutritional and bioactive components of raw human milk.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

Moro,

Girard,

Peila

et al. 2024

Front. Nutr.

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“…However, the elevation of this acidity can occur because of the production of lactic acid resulting from the fermentation of lactose by bacterial growth when they find favorable conditions for growth, usually when the milk is stored incorrectly, at temperatures above recommended. 26,27 According to the Manual used by the Brazilian Network of Human Milk Banks: "Banco de Leite Humano: Funcionamento, Prevenção e Controle de Riscos -The Human Milk Bank: Operation, Prevention and Control of Risks" 4 , the presence of coliforms in a sample of raw HM intended for HMB does not require that it be discarded, since this group of microorganisms is eliminated by the pasteurization process. In this case, finding contamination in the milk analyzed in this study does not necessarily imply inadequacy of milk supplied by the HMB, because they are not pasteurized, and will undergo this process in the HMB, inactivating these bacteria.…”

Section: Tablementioning

confidence: 99%

Compliance in handling of donated raw breast milk to human milk banks regarding microbiological quality

Chaves

Fernandes

Parreiras

et al. 2022

Rev. Bras. Saude Mater. Infant.

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Objectives: microbiological quality of raw human milk (HM) from donors at the HMB (Human Milk Bank) of Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Ouro Preto was evaluated. Methods: the microbiological quality of milk from each of 10 donors in triplicate (30 samples) was evaluated by enumeration of Staphylococcus aureus and total aerobic mesophiles (surface plating) and total and thermotolerant coliforms (Most Probable Number - MPN). A questionnaire and a checklist were applied after the end of sample collection to verify the compliance of milk extraction and storage procedures by the donors. Results: inadequacies in the procedures for expression and storage of donated HM were observed. The presence of all microorganisms studied were verified in the milk of all donors, and in some cases exceeded the safety limits. The checklist indicated that some necessary hygienic-sanitary procedures were not carefully performed, making it important to properly guide the donors. Conclusions: this study points to an unfavorable scenario for the safety and quality of donated HM, and it is important to encourage further studies to be conducted so that the Brazilian network of HMB adopts stricter criteria for instructions on procedures and support for HM donors.

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Safety issues of raw milk: evaluation of bacteriological and physicochemical characteristics of human milk from a bank in a teaching hospital, focusing on Staphylococcus species

Abstract: This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License.

Cited by 2 publications

References 32 publications

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

New alternatives to holder pasteurization in processing donor milk in human milk banks

Compliance in handling of donated raw breast milk to human milk banks regarding microbiological quality

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