Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid and its Salts, and Benzyl Benzoate

Johnson, Wilbur; Bergfeld, Wilma F.; Belsito, D.; Hill, Ronald A.; Klaassen, Curtis D.; Liebler, D.C.; Marks, James G.; Shank, Ronald C.; Slaga, Thomas J.; Snyder, Paul W.; Andersen, F. Alan

doi:10.1177/1091581817728996

Cited by 65 publications

(40 citation statements)

References 79 publications

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“…Most of the identified compounds in this study have been reported to possess interesting biological activities ranging from antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory as summarized in Table 4 . Benzyl benzoate is reported to function as fragrance ingredient, pesticides, pH adjusters, preservatives, solvents, and/or viscosity decreasing agents in cosmetic products [ 32 ]. Benzyl benzoate was identified in both Enterobacter sp.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Secondary Metabolites from Bacterial Endophytes Associated with Dicoma anomala

Makuwa

Serepa-Dlamini

2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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Endophytic bacteria isolated from medicinal plants are recognized valuable sources of novel bioactive compounds with various activities such as antimicrobial, anticancer, and antiviral. In this study, eleven bacterial endophytes were isolated from surface sterilized roots and leave tissues, of medicinal plant Dicoma anomala. The bacterial endophytes were identified by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene, and belong to five genera viz Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Stenotrophomonas, Enterobacter, and Pantoea. The dominant genera were Bacillus with five strains, Staphylococcus with two strains, and Stenotrophomonas with two strains. The crude extracts of seven selected bacterial endophytes indicated antimicrobial activity against five pathogenic strains Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), Bacillus cereus (ATCC 10876), Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and Klebsiella oxytoca (ATCC 13182), with significant inhibition concentration ranging from 0.312 mg/ml to 0.625 mg/ml. Finally, based on the data analysis of the crude extracts of the endophytes, we identified bioactive secondary metabolites with reported biological activities such as antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties with biotechnological applications in medicine, agriculture, and other industries. This study reported for the first time bacterial endophytes associated with D. anomala, with antimicrobial activity against bacterial pathogens.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Secondary Metabolites from Bacterial Endophytes Associated with Dicoma anomala

Makuwa

Serepa-Dlamini

2021

International Journal of Microbiology

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“…Benzyl alcohol is generally safe excipient. However, studies have shown irritation potential on the skin [24]. It was found in just one drug (2 %).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The significance of dosage forms for pharmacovigilance in the case of topical corticosteroids

Todorović¹,

Goločorbin-Kon²,

Pavlović³

et al. 2019

Hosp Pharm Int Multi J

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Introduction: In addition to the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), excipients and the pharmaceutical dosage form can also aff ect the overall eff ect of pharmacotherapy. Knowledge about these eff ects is not important only from the aspect of drug effi cacy, but also from the aspect of pharmacovigilance. Materials and Methods: This paper presents secondary academic study results. Data on the dosage form and content of excipients were taken from SmPC documents on the offi cial website of Medicines and Medical Devices Agency of Serbia. The presence of excipients with known eff ect (EKE) and their labeling was considered in accordance with the national and European regulations regarding this area. Results: We analyzed a total of 50 medicines for topical administration that are registered in Serbia. These all contained corticosteroids as API. Thirty-fi ve (70 %) of them had one or more EKE. Creams had the highest number of diff erent EKE per drug (3.25). Five out of seven identifi ed EKE have the preservative function in formulations, which could be avoided by extemporaneous drug production. The labeling of these compounds was in accordance with the regulations in most drugs. Conclusions: The cause of an adverse drug reaction should be considered in a wider context and all the drug ingredients should be taken into account. In case of topical corticosteroids, over two third of drugs have the potential to cause adverse drug reactions that are non-API-related.

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“…The main component of P5 was benzyl benzoate (74.6%) ( Table 2 ), which is commonly used in the chemical, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [ 29 ]. This substance can be detected in natural conditions, being present in some plants, but it can also be obtained by chemical synthesis [ 30 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard

et al. 2021

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Sandalwood oils are highly desired but expensive, and hence many counterfeit oils are sold in high street shops. The study aimed to determine the content of oils sold under the name sandalwood oil and then compare their chromatographic profile and α- and β santalol content with the requirements of ISO 3518:2002. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry analysis found that none of the six tested “sandalwood” oils met the ISO standard, especially in terms of α-santalol content. Only one sample was found to contain both α- and β-santalol, characteristic of Santalum album. In three samples, valerianol, elemol, eudesmol isomers, and caryophyllene dominated, indicating the presence of Amyris balsamifera oil. Another two oil samples were found to be synthetic mixtures: benzyl benzoate predominating in one, and synthetic alcohols, such as javanol, polysantol and ebanol, in the other. The product label only gave correct information in three cases: one sample containing Santalum album oil and two samples containing Amyris balsamifera oil. The synthetic samples described as 100% natural essential oil from sandalwood are particularly dangerous and misleading to the consumer. Moreover, the toxicological properties of javanol, polysantol and ebanol, for example, are unknown.

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Safety Assessment of Benzyl Alcohol, Benzoic Acid and its Salts, and Benzyl Benzoate

Cited by 65 publications

References 79 publications

The Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Secondary Metabolites from Bacterial Endophytes Associated with Dicoma anomala

The Antibacterial Activity of Crude Extracts of Secondary Metabolites from Bacterial Endophytes Associated with Dicoma anomala

The significance of dosage forms for pharmacovigilance in the case of topical corticosteroids

A Comparison of the Composition of Selected Commercial Sandalwood Oils with the International Standard

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