Route Optimization Using Tree Information Option for Nested Mobile Networks

Abstract

Abstract-Mobile IP is the basic solution to provide host mobility, whereas network mobility refers to the concept of collective mobility of a set of nodes. In the simplest scenario, a mobile network moves as a single unit with one mobile router (MR) that connects it to the global Internet. Also, multiple mobile networks can be nested in a hierarchical form, e.g., a wireless personal area network (PAN) in a vehicular network. In a nested mobile network, multiple MRs form a tree hierarchy in which the root MR is called the top-level mobile router (TLMR). Nested mobile networks exhibit the pinball routing problem, which becomes worse in proportion to the number of nested levels in the hierarchy. To solve this problem, we propose a routing optimization scheme using a tree information option (ROTIO) that extends the NEMO basic support protocol. In the ROTIO scheme, each MR in the nested mobile network sends two binding updates (BUs): one to its home agent and the other to the TLMR. The former BU contains the TLMR's home address, while the latter contains routing information between the issuing MR and the TLMR. This alleviates the pinball routing problem significantly. Now, a packet from a correspondent node only needs to visit two transit nodes (the home agents of the MR and the TLMR), regardless of the degree of nesting. Moreover, the ROTIO scheme provides location privacy and mobility transparency. We also extend ROTIO to perform routing between two mobile network nodes inside the same nested mobile network more efficiently and to substantially reduce the disruption when a mobile network hands off.

An Efficient Fast Handoff and Route Optimization Protocol for the Nested Mobile Networks

“…Like E2ERO, ROTIO [13] assumes tree topology of nested-NEMO and, addresses route optimization and intra-NEMO route optimization. Each MR maintains two caches: first cache maintains information of the MRs in its domain, and the second cache contains CoAs of higher level MRs.…”

DRO: domain-based route optimization scheme for nested mobile networks

“…SIP-NEMO [10] extends SIP to support NEMO so that the packets can be transmitted directly between the MNN and the CN, but the scheme only applies to applications that use SIP. The route optimization using tree information option (ROTIO) scheme [11] [12] proposed an enhanced hierarchical NEMO protocol called HRO+, which reduces the PD in inter-domain and intra-domain routing. In inter-domain routing, the CN sends the packets to the RMR directly without passing through any HA because the MR binds the NEMO prefix of RMR to the CN.…”

“…Although many hierarchy-based route optimization schemes [11,12] support route optimization for interdomain routing, a non-optimal route is formed when the CN and the MNN are located in the same nested mobile network (i.e., intra-domain routing). Moreover, these schemes do not cope with the handoff procedure well, resulting in a long convergence time during route optimization or communication disruption.…”

Route optimization in network mobility: Solutions, classification, comparison, and future research directions

“…b) Route Optimization using Tree Information Option (ROTIO): In ROTIO, proposed by Cho et al [13], HoA of the TLMR and CoA of intermediate MRs (MRs between the TLMR and an MNN) are conveyed to the MR using RA messages that contains tree information option representing the nesting structure. Each MR appends its CoA to the RA sent by TLMR, and relays the RA down the nesting level.…”