Role of polymerization temperature on the performance of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulphonate linear actuators

Khanh, Tran Thien; Kesküla, Arko; Zondaka, Zane; Harjo, Madis; Kivilo, Alo; Khorram, Mahdi Safaei; Tamm, Tarmo

doi:10.1016/j.synthmet.2018.11.013

Cited by 16 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 30 publications

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“…In agreement with the CV results, a small expansion upon reduction took place with strain in range of 2.5%, consequently, the strain shown in Figure 4b,c is the net strain (difference of strain at oxidation and reduction). As shown previously [36], the temperature of polymerization has an influence on the PPy/DBS film structure/packing reflected by the increased cation activity with decreasing temperature, especially below −20 °C. Therefore, while not a topic of research here, the role of cations can be further reduced by tuning the synthesis temperature.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

et al. 2019

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Either as salts or room temperature ionic liquids, fluorinated anion-based electrolytes have been a common choice for ionic electroactive polymer actuators, both linear and bending. In the present work, propylene carbonate solutions of four electrolytes of the three hugely popular anions—triflouromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, and hexafluorophosphate were compared and evaluated in polypyrrole linear actuators. The actuation direction, the characteristics—performance relations influence the behavior of the actuators. Isotonic Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements were performed to study the response of the PPy/DBS samples. The highest strain for pristine PPy/DBS linear actuators was found in range of 21% for LiTFSI, while TBAPF6 had the least cation involvement, suggesting the potential for application in durable and controllable actuators. Interesting cation effects on the actuation of the same anions (CF3SO3−) were also observed.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 63%

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

et al. 2019

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“…As a result, the conductive polymer as a free-standing film or a film deposited on flexible non-conductive substrate expands, creating linear or bending strain. The outcome depends on a variety of factors, including the polymerization procedure [ 12 ], temperature [ 13 ], electrolyte [ 14 ], solvent [ 15 ], osmotic pressure [ 16 ]. Having just a single ionic species controlling the actuation in one direction (oxidation or reduction) has been an important consideration as it would allow higher strains and consistent controllability, but in real world, mixed ion-activity is often observed instead, both in case of bending [ 17 ] or linear actuation [ 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antagonist Concepts of Polypyrrole Actuators: Bending Hybrid Actuator and Mirrored Trilayer Linear Actuator

et al. 2021

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Following the natural muscle antagonist actuation principle, different adaptations for “artificial muscles” are introduced in this work. Polypyrrole (PPy) films of different polymerization techniques (potentiostatic and galvanostatic) were analyzed and their established responses were combined in several ways, resulting in beneficial actuation modes. A consecutive “one-pot” electrosynthesis of two layers with the different deposition regimes resulted in an all-PPy bending hybrid actuator. While in most cases the mixed-ion activity of conductive polymers has been considered a problem or a drawback, here for the first time, the nearly equal expansions upon oxidation and reduction of carefully selected conditions further allowed to fabricate a “mirrored” trilayer laminate, which behaved as a linear actuator.

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“…The main reason for this appears to be a limited control over materials. With only small changes, such as the solvent [ 16 ], electrolyte [ 17 ], electrochemical polymerization techniques, or temperature [ 18 ], one can obtain CP films with rather different actuation properties, including the given actuation direction. The simplified mechanism of CP response (such as PPy or PEDOT) refers to the Faradaic processes where mobile charges are formed on polymer chains in CP films upon oxidation, which immediately creates a force that causes counterions provided by the electrolyte (with or without a solvent) to approach the chains.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films—From EQCM to Actuation

et al. 2021

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Conductive polymer actuators and sensors rely on controlled ion transport coupled to a potential/charge change. In order to understand and control such devices, it is of paramount importance to understand the factors that determine ion flux at various conditions, including the synthesis potential. In this work, the ion transport in thinner poly-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) films during charge/discharge driven by cyclic voltammetry is studied by consideration of the electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM) and the results are compared to the actuation responses of thicker films that have been synthesized with the same conditions in the bending and linear expansion modes. The effects of polymerization potentials of 1.0 V, 1.2 V, and 1.5 V are studied to elucidate how polymerization potential contributes to actuation, as well the involvement of the EQCM. In this work, it is revealed that there is a shift from anion-dominated to mixed to cation-dominated activity with increased synthesis potential. Scanning electron microscopy shows a decrease in porosity for the PEDOT structure with increasing synthesis potential. EQCM analysis of processes taking place at various potentials allows the determination of appropriate potential windows for increased control over devices.

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Role of polymerization temperature on the performance of polypyrrole/dodecylbenzenesulphonate linear actuators

Cited by 16 publications

References 30 publications

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

Antagonist Concepts of Polypyrrole Actuators: Bending Hybrid Actuator and Mirrored Trilayer Linear Actuator

Ion Mobility in Thick and Thin Poly-3,4 Ethylenedioxythiophene Films—From EQCM to Actuation

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