Role of Biopsychosocial Factors on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under-Five Years Old at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta

Abstract

Background: It is estimated that the worldwide annual incidence of child pneumonia is approximately 156 million cases. Sixty-one million new cases occure in Southeast Asia with death rate of 3.1 million deaths per year. Prevalence of infant pneumonia in Indonesia is high at 1.8% in 2013 with mortality of 0.16% in 2015. This study aimed to determine the role of bio-psychosocial factors on the risk of pneumonia in children under-five years old. Subjects and Method: This was an analytic observational study using cross-sectional design. The study was conducted at Dr. Moewardi Hospital, Surakarta, from April to May 2017. A sample 120 children under five years old, consisting of 30 children with pneumonia and 90 children without pneumonia, were selected for this study by fixed disease sampling. The dependent variable was incidence of pneumonia. The independent variables were nutritional status, exclusive breastfeeding, low birthweight, maternal stress, maternal education, maternal employment, family income, and home environment. Nutritional status was measured by anthropometry, while other variables were collected by questionnaire. Path analysis was employed to analyze data. Results: Pneumonia in children under-five was directly affected by nutritional status (b= -1.23; 95% CI=-2.45 to -0.02; p=0.047), exclusive breastfeeding (b=-1.09; 95% CI=-2.26 to 0.07; p= 0.065), maternal stress (b= 1.70; 95% CI =0.36 to 3.04; p=0.013), maternal education (b=-1.96; 95% CI=-3.31 to -0.61; p=0.004), and home environment (b=-1.83; 95% CI = -3.02 to -0.64; p=0.002). Nutritional status was affected by maternal education (b=3.48; 95% CI=1.79 to 5.17; p<0.001), maternal stress (b=-2.55; 95% CI=-4.06 to -1.04; p=0.001), family income (b=3.26; CI 95%=1.67 to 4.84; p<0.001), and low birthweight (b= -1.84; 95% CI=-3.12 to -0.57; p= 0.005). Exclusive breastfeeding was affected by maternal education (b=0.97; 95% CI=0.09 to 1.86; p=0.031), maternal stress (b=-0.74; 95% CI=-1.69 to 0.19; p=0.112), family income (b=1.39; CI 95%=0.54 to 2.23; p=0.001), and maternal employment (b=-1.29; 95% CI=-2.14 to -0.45; p=0.003). Maternal stress was affected by home environment (b=-1.12; 95% CI=-1.96 to -0.29; p=0.009 Home environment was affected by maternal education (b=0.76; 95% CI=-0.03 to 1.54; p=0.059). Low birthweight was affected by maternal education (b=-1.21; 95% CI=-2.08 to -0.35; p=0.006) and family income (b=-1.50; 95% CI=-2.35 to -0.66; p<0.001). Conclusion: Pneumonia in children under-five is directly affected by nutritional status children, exclusive breastfeeding, maternal education, maternal stress, and home environment.

Factors Associated with Pneumonia in Children Under Five after Earthquake: A Path Analysis Evidence from West Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia

“…Children under five who have a normal birth weight can reduce their risk of pneumonia by 1.92 times compared to children under five with a history of low birth weight (b=-1.92; 95% CI=-3.34 to -0.49; p=0.008). Lestari et al (2017) showed that birth weight was associated with the incidence of pneumonia, children under five with birth weight <2500 grams (LBW) have a risk by 3.24 times greater to experience pneumonia with a value (OR=3.14; 95% CI=1.34 to 7.39; p=0.008).…”

Contextual Effect of Village on the Risk of Pneumonia in Children Under Five in Magetan, East Java

“…Maternal stress can disrupted the role of a mother. Mothers cannot focus on taking care of their children so they cannot pay attention to the basic needs that were good for children, such as clean environments and nutritious food (Lestari et al, 2017;Han, 2015).…”

“…High family income affected the fulfillment of food needs so that it can guarantee an optimal nutrition. Adequate nutritional needs lead to good children's nutritional status and good body's immune (Lestari et al, 2017).…”

Karakteristik Balita Penderita Pneumonia Berdasarkan Faktor Risiko Di Rsud Abdul Wahab Sjahranie Samarinda Tahun 2018

“…Hasil penelitian ini tidak sesuai dengan teori yang menyebutkan bahwa BBLR merupakan faktor risiko kejadian pneumonia pada balita (Said, 2015 (Lestari, et al, 2017;Monita, et al, 2015). Pada penelitian Rasyid (2013) pun dijelaskan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang signifikan atara status gizi dengan kejadian pneumonia pada balita.…”