Risk Factors of Stunting in Developing Countries: A Scoping Review

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Stunting remains a nutritional problem in children in Indonesia and some other developing countries. It has become a public health problem that must be taken seriously and continuously. Although there was an improvement in 2018, the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still quite high (36.4%), compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia (20%) and Thailand (10.5%). In the world, Indonesia occupies the 17th position of 117 countries for the stunting incidence.
 AIM: This study aims to describe the risk factors of stunting in children under five in developing countries.
 METHODS: This research is a scoping review. The sources were drawn from multiple databases such as Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest, and Science Direct with the keyword “stunting” AND “risk factors” AND “developing countries.” Inclusion criteria include the research must be related to the risk factors of stunting, should be conducted in developing countries, should be full texted in English, and published in 2015–2019.
 RESULTS: The search of databases found 3605 articles, with the details of 10 articles from Ebsco, 45 articles from PubMed, 20 articles from ProQuest, and 3530 articles from Science Direct. According to all the databases, only 9 articles were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of this study.
 CONCLUSION: Parent factors, toddler factors, and environmental factors are risk factors of stunting in children under five.

Family Empowerment Psychoeducation on Family Support Caring of Children Diarrhea

“…Diarrhea is one of the world's health problems, the second leading cause of death for children under 5. Infectious diseases, such as diarrhea, are one of the root causes of malnutrition in developing countries [8], [9]. Diarrhea is an endemic disease in Indonesia and is also a potential disease of extraordinary events that often accompany death.…”

Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum DAD-13 and Fructo-oligosaccharides on Short-Chain Fatty Acid Profile and Nutritional Status in Indonesian Stunting Children

“…Based on basic health research in 2018, the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is 30.8%. This number is still very far from the target set by the WHO, which is 20% [1]. Therefore, this is a problem that must be given more attention as stunting (linear growth failure) resulted in irreversible impact [4].…”

“…Stunting is one of the problems on children under 5 years in Indonesia and other developing countries [1]. Stunting is defined by a low height-forage z (HAZ) score (<2SD) according to the World Health Organization Child Growth Standards.…”

Pelatihan Pengolahan Pangan Sumber Protein pada Kelompok Pemberdayaan Perempuan dalam Upaya Mencegah Stunting di Desa Fatumonas, Kecamatan Amfoang Tengah, Kabupaten Kupang

“…Stunting merupakan kondisi gangguan pertumbuhan disebabkan oleh gizi kurang sejak anak di dalam rahim dan pada usia dini sehingga anak terlalu pendek dan menurunnya potensi kognitif dari otak sehingga mengalami kesulitan belajar (Djauhari, 2017;Nirmala, 2021). Berdasarkan data, rata-rata balita stunting di Indonesia melebihi batas maksimal balita stunting yang ditetapkan WHO yaitu 20 persen sehingga Indonesia menempati urutan kelima dunia untuk penderita stunting di bawah India dan Pakistan (Budiastutik & Rahfiludin, 2019;Huriah & Nurjannah, 2020). Menurut data Kementerian Kesehatan, pada 2018 Nusa Tenggara Timur (NTT) menjadi provinsi dengan persentase balita stunting tertinggi nasional yaitu 42,7 persen.…”