BACKGROUND: Stunting remains a nutritional problem in children in Indonesia and some other developing countries. It has become a public health problem that must be taken seriously and continuously. Although there was an improvement in 2018, the incidence of stunting in Indonesia is still quite high (36.4%), compared to other Southeast Asian countries such as Malaysia (20%) and Thailand (10.5%). In the world, Indonesia occupies the 17th position of 117 countries for the stunting incidence. AIM: This study aims to describe the risk factors of stunting in children under five in developing countries. METHODS: This research is a scoping review. The sources were drawn from multiple databases such as Ebsco, PubMed, ProQuest, and Science Direct with the keyword “stunting” AND “risk factors” AND “developing countries.” Inclusion criteria include the research must be related to the risk factors of stunting, should be conducted in developing countries, should be full texted in English, and published in 2015–2019. RESULTS: The search of databases found 3605 articles, with the details of 10 articles from Ebsco, 45 articles from PubMed, 20 articles from ProQuest, and 3530 articles from Science Direct. According to all the databases, only 9 articles were reviewed that met the inclusion criteria of this study. CONCLUSION: Parent factors, toddler factors, and environmental factors are risk factors of stunting in children under five.

AbstrakMalnutrisi akut berat merupakan malnutrisi yang paling serius yang memengaruhi balita dan merupakan masalah kesehatan utama di negaranegara berkembang. Malnutrisi telah meluas baik di perkotaan maupun perdesaan. Akar permasalahan malnutrisi di negara berkembang salahsatunya adalah faktor sosial demografi. Tujuan penelitian untuk melihat perbedaan kejadian malnutrisi dan determinannya di area perkotaan dan pedesaan di Yogyakarta. Penelitian menggunakan desain potong lintang dengan responden adalah semua balita malnutrisi akut berat di Kabupaten Sleman (23 balita) dan Kota Yogyakarta (33 balita). Analisis data menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan inferensial. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada Bulan Desember 2012 -Februari 2013. Prevalensi balita malnutrisi akut lebih banyak di perkotaan daripada di pedesaan (59% vs. 41%). Persentase faktor risiko kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga satu orang (60,7%), jenis kelamin laki-laki (58,9%), riwayat pemberian ASI tidak eksklusif (60,7%), usia ibu kurang dari 35 tahun (62,5%), pekerjaan non-PNS (98,2%), penghasilan orang tua lebih dari UMR (58,9%), tingkat pendidikan ayah dan ibu tinggi (71,4% dan 64,3% ) dan pengasuh balita di rumah adalah ibu (82,1%). Perbedaan yang signifikan (p<0,05) pada variabel pekerjaan dan penghasilan orang tua, tingkat pendidikan orang tua dan pengasuh balita, sedangkan hasil pengukuran antropometri tidak menunjukkan adanya perbedaan. Determinan kejadian malnutrisi pada kelompok urban dan rural adalah jumlah balita dalam keluarga.Kata kunci: Balita, karakteristik demografi, malnutrisi akut berat, rural, urban AbstractSevere acute malnutrition is the most serious form of malnutrition affecting children under-five and widely recognized as a major health problem in developing countries. It is wide spread in rural and urban areas. Social demographic factor is one of the main causes of severe acute malnutrition.This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of severe acute malnutrition and determinants of children in urban and rural area in Yogyakarta. A cross-sectional study was used in this study, where the respondents were all children with severe acute malnutrition in Sleman and Yogyakarta (23 and 33 children respectively). Descriptive and inferencial statistic were used to analyze the data. The study was carried out in December 2012-February 2013. The prevalence of severe acute malnutrition children was higher in urban than rural communities (59% vs. 41%). Risk factors percentage of malnourished were number of children in family was one person (60.7%), male gender (58.9%), the history of not exclusive breastfeeding (60.7%), mother age less than 35 years old (62.5%), lower class job (98.2%), monthly income was high (58.9%), higher education of father and mother (71.4% and 64.3% respectively), and children caregiver was mother (82.1%). There were a significant diference (p<0.05) in father profession, parents' education, household economic status, and caregiver of children, whereas anthropome...

BACKGROUND: The incidence of diseases due to tobacco consumption has increased, especially in developing countries, where around 90% of smokers start consuming tobacco before the age of 18 years. School-based smoking prevention programs can prevent smoking among adolescents. This program is often implemented in developing countries because it is considered cost-effective, and the results are promising. At present, the school-based smoking prevention program is expanding with many methods. AIM: This study aims to describe the various types of school-based smoking prevention interventions in developing countries. METHODS: This research applied a literature review approach with the process of collecting data through the Science Direct, ProQuest, EBSCO, and NCBI databases. Search literature was by keyword “smoking AND prevention AND school-based AND adolescent AND randomized controlled trials or randomized controlled trials.” Inclusion criteria used for data collection were studies on school-based smoking prevention interventions, full text, and journal publishing from 2015 to 2019, using English. The research conducted in developing countries and prevention interventions was not only for smoking in the traditional way but also in the form of other than the consumption of tobacco such as cigars, smokeless tobacco, and hookah or shisha. Exclusion criteria in this review were publication articles not in the form of original publications such as letters to editors, only abstracts, and books. RESULTS: The literature search results found 594 journals with details of 99 Science direct journals, ProQuest 385 journals, NCBI 85 journals, and 25 EBSCO journals. The entire database belongs to the inclusion criteria and only seven articles meet the requirements. The results of the analysis revealed that interventions conducted in school-based smoking prevention programs for adolescents in developing countries included the application of the anti-smoking curriculum, behavior change intervention (BCI), and peer education. CONCLUSION: Interventions considered useful for preventing smoking in adolescents are the anti-smoking curriculum, BCI, and peer education.

ABSTRAKSalah satu bagian integral dari manajemen COPD adalah membersihkan jalan nafas untuk mengatasi gejala klinis seperti produksi sputum dan sesak napas yang menyebabkan penurunan VEP1, produksi sputum yang berlebihan, dan terganggunya mobilisasi toraks. Perawat dapat membantu pasien PPOK untuk memulihkan kondisi fisiknya dan memperbaiki pola nafasnya dengan memutus mata rantai keluhan yang ada dengan Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT). Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh ACBT terhadap peningkatan nilai VEP 1 , pengurangan jumlah volume sputum, dan peningkatan mobilisasi sangkar toraks pada penderita PPOK. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian Quasi Experiment dengan rancangan pre-post test with control group design. Sebanyak 30 orang pasien dibagi kedalam 2 kelompok yaitu 15 responden untuk kelompok intervensi dan 15 responden untuk kelompok kontrol dengan menggunakan teknik quota sampling. Analisis yang digunakan adalah uji t-test. Kelompok intervensi diberikan terapi ACBT dan farmakologi dan kelompok kontrol hanya diberikan terapi farmakologi. ACBT memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna terhadap jumlah sputum dan ekspansi toraks pada kelompok intervensi daripada kelompok kontrol dengan nilai p = 0,026 untuk jumlah sputum dan p = 0,004 untuk ekspansi toraks, sedangkan pada nilai VEP 1 , ACBT tidak memberikan pengaruh yang bermakna dengan nilai p = 0,058. Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT) efektif dalam membantu pengeluaran sputum dan meningkatkan ekspansi toraks pasien PPOK, tetapi kurang efektif dalam meningkatkan nilai VEP 1 .Kata Kunci: Active Cycle of Breathing Technique (ACBT), Penyakit Paru

The case of stunting in Indonesia was higher and still becomes an important issue in poor rural areas. Research objective is to examine the prevalence rate and associated factors with stunting in children aged 6-59 months in rural areas of Bantul, Yogyakarta, Indonesia. This study applied a case-control design. The cases group were stunted children and the control group was not stunted children from October to December 2018. The data was collected by interviewing selected mothers of 6-59 months children and measuring the length/height of 23 children as a case group and 91 children as a control group. Research location used two rural areas in Bantul Yogyakarta. This study used logistic regression analysis to identify the best model of factors leading to stunting in rural areas. Analysis to measure of association used 95% CIs and "Adjusted" ORs. The prevalence of stunting was 20.8% out of which 52.2% were mild, 4.3% were moderate and 43.5% were severe. The mean of children age in the case and control group were 31.78 16.8 and 29.92 15.96 months with the mean of height for age Z score were-3.23 1.03 and-0.14 1.22 respectively. Diarrhea was found significantly as the determinant factor of stunted children in rural areas (AOR=7.79, 95% CI 2.59-23.33, p = 0.001). The results showed diarrhea as determinants factor of stunting in children under five in rural areas, it is important to assist the Indonesian government to develop a program to address the problem of stunting associated with the environment

BACKGROUND: In Indonesia, health indicators in urban areas are better than in rural areas. It is related to the health services’ accessibility. However, in some regions, the stunting rate among children under five in urban areas is higher than in rural areas, including in Yogyakarta. AIM: The research purpose was to analyze the determinant factor influencing the stunting incidence in children under five in urban slums areas. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study design employed a case control with a sample of mother and 29 children under five as a case group and 42 children under five as a control group in Yogyakarta District during the December–January 2020 period. The inclusion criteria were children aged 6–59 months living in the urban slum area, while the exclusion criteria were children who had physical and mental disabilities, suffering from illness or were hospitalized, and had congenital diseases. The data collection was conducted by questionnaire and anthropometric measurements. Data analysis used central tendency, Chi-square, and logistic regression. RESULTS: The results showed that the majority of children were girls in the case group and boys in the control group with a history of non-exclusive breastfeeding. Most respondents have mothers with low levels of education and work as housewives. The results of the correlation test showed that of the seven variables studied as a risk factor, there are two factors which were birth weight and mother occupation which were related with stunting in children under five with p = 0.041 and 0.047, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study concluded that birth weight (AOR = 3.49) and mother’s occupation (AOR = 0.25) are the determinant cause of stunting in children under 5 years of age in urban slums areas. The pregnant women’s health promotion needs to be improved because it will affect birth weight, a risk factor for stunting in children under five.

Stunting masih menjadi masalah di Indonesia. Prevalensi tertinggi stunting pada tahun 2013 adalah di Nusa Tenggara Timur (51,7%), Sulawesi Barat (48,0%) dan Nusa Tenggara Barat (45,3%). Masalah stunting menggambarkan masalah gizi kronis, yang dipengaruhi oleh kondisi ibu atau ibu hamil, masa janin, dan bayi atau balita, termasuk penyakit yang diderita selama masa kanak-kanak. Seperti masalah gizi lainnya, tidak hanya masalah kesehatan, tetapi juga dipengaruhi oleh kondisi lain yang secara tidak langsung mempengaruhi kesehatan. Tujuannya adalah untuk meninjau literatur yang terkait dengan peristiwa penentu stunting di Indonesia dan mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor yang berdampak pada kejadian stunting pada anak-anak. Database terkemuka dicari secara elektronik antara tahun 2013 dan 2017. Data base kesehatan yang relevan termasuk EBSCO, PubMed, Biomed Central, ProQuest, DOAJ, dan sarjana dalam pencarian dengan menggunakan kombinasi istilah pencarian: penentu pengerdilan, malnutrisi, faktor risiko pengerdilan, Indonesia, Asia Tenggara. Dua belas artikel, diidentifikasi dari 815 artikel dimasukkan dalam ulasan. Beberapa faktor untuk terjadinya stunting di Indonesia, termasuk: faktor anak, faktor keluarga, sanitasi, dan penyakit menular. Tinjauan literatur ini menemukan bahwa faktor yang paling dominan yang menyebabkan stunting pada anak-anak di Indonesia adalah anak-anak dengan BBLR, anak laki-laki, tidak disusui secara eksklusif selama 6 bulan, orang tua yang berpendidikan rendah, ekonomi sosial yang rendah, orang tua dengan kekurangan gizi, dan sanitasi yang buruk di rumah. Kata Kunci : determinant stunting;  malnutrisi; faktor resiko stunting; Indonesia; Asia Tenggara

Chronicrenalfailure patientsare requiredtoperformhemodialysis (HD)to replace ofkidney functionhas beendamaged. Hemodialysishas side effectsthatwillaffect the qualityof life of patients. Independentnursingactionsto support improvedquality of life forhemodialysispatientscouldbegroups therapy, one of which is aSelf HelpGroup (SHG). This studyaimed to examinethe influence ofself-help group actionagainst thequality of life ofhemodialysispatientsinPKU MuhammadiyahYogyakarta  hospital. Thisresearchdesignusingquasy experiment withpretest-posttest control group design.The sample selection in this study using total sampling technique. Respondentscontrol groupof 16 peopleandthe intervention groupare 15 people. The respondents in the control group received the standard treatment of the hospital, and the intervention group receive self-help group meeting 8 times Analysis ofthe data usedindependentt-test. Results from the analysis data obtained significant value mean difference test between control group and intervention group before being implemented SHG p value is 0.404, it is means that there is no significant difference quality of life HD patients before implementation SHG.The significant value of the mean difference testbetweenintervention group and control group is p value <0.001, it is means that there are significantly differences quality of life between intervention group and control group. Combination ofHDandselfhelp groupinrenal failurepatients with undergoingHDcan improve thequality of life ofpatients. Selfhelp groupcouldbe appliedtopatients suffering fromchronicdiseasessuch as kidney failureas asupportive therapy. Keywords: Quality of Life, hemodialisys, self help group