Riqueza y potencial maderable en sistemas agroforestales tradicionales como alternativa al uso del bosque nativo, Amazonia del Ecuador

Abstract

ResumenEn este estudio se evaluó un sistema de bosque y tres sistemas agroforestales SAFs, tradicionales denominados localmente "chakras" con cultivo de cacao propagado sexual y asexualmente dentro de cuatro sistemas de uso de la tierra: 1) bosque primario, 2) chakra con cacao por semilla; 3) chakra con cacao injerto y 4) chakra sin cultivo comercial, en la Reserva de la Biosfera Sumaco, Ecuador. Se analizó las variables por área total de muestreo en 6,92 has y promedios por parcela aplicando ANDEVA, correlaciones de Pearson y regresiones lineales. La riqueza, abundancia, área basal y volumen comercial en las especies arbóreas maderables potenciales con dap ≥ 10 cm, es superior en el bosque frente a las chakras. La chakra de cacao por semilla e injerto registra mayores valores que la chakra sin cultivo comercial. El volumen comercial aprovechable AbstractIn this study a system of forest and three SAFs traditional locally called "chakras" were evaluated in cocoa farming spread sexually and asexually in four land use systems: 1) primary forest, 2) chakra cocoa farmed by seed; 3) chakra with cocoa graft, and 4) chakra without cash crop in Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuador. Variables were analyzed for total sampling area of 6.92 hectares and averages per plot using ANOVA, Pearson correlations and linear regressions. The richness, abundance, basal area, and commercial volume of potential timber tree species with dbh ≥ 10 cm, is higher in the forest in comparison with chakras. Chakras with cacao farmed by seed and graft recorded values greater than the non-commercial cultivation. The usable commercial volume in the forest was 1.6 times higher than the cocoa chakra farmed by seed, 3.7 times than cocoa grafted and 57 times than

Determinants of Agricultural Diversification in a Hotspot Area: Evidence from Colonist and Indigenous Communities in the Sumaco Biosphere Reserve, Ecuadorian Amazon

“…For most of the Kichwa population, the "Chakra" system is the most common traditional agroforestry system [48,51,54,55]. It is characterized by its high level of biodiversity and high number of timber-yielding and fruit trees [48,51,56,57]. The chakra in the SBR is also considered a polyculture [48,56], where the principal crops are cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.), coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner) and nowadays guayusa (Ylex Guayusa Loes) [58,59].…”

“…In conjunction with the establishment of "live fences" and implementation of the best management practices to transition Livestock-based LS into a more sustainable low-emission management systems, with potential enrolments in REDD+ programs [53] and a reduced-emission agricultural policy [86]; (c) The fact that crops contribute to more than 40% of income and are still largely part of the traditional "chakra" system, we recommend considering this aspect in the redirection of agricultural incentives in the EAR to reward the sustainable traditional agricultural system [55]. This is because chakra provides a plethora of ecosystem services [87] and is, characterized by having a high number of timber-yielding and fruit trees [48,51,56,57,75], edible and medicinal plants [51,54], leaf litter restoration and a minimization process of water erosion compared to monocultures and pastures [70]. Thus, the chakra system is an example of the use of sustainable production to combat biodiversity loss and climate change for small-scale farmers [48,49,51].…”

Revitalización del uso de plantas alimenticias en la chakra kichwa Centro de Turismo Comunitario Sinchi Warmi.

“…En este sentido, la chakra kichwa constituye un valioso espacio de confluencias de saberes y prácticas culturales identitarias, al ser un sistema tradicional productivo agrícola caracterizado por el manejo sostenible y biodiverso de sus productos; es decir, que su producción agrícola no solo se maneja de manera orgánica, sino que también les permite a las comunidades amazónicas contribuir a la seguridad alimentaria, al bienestar social de sus miembros y a la conservación de la biodiversidad de la región (Lehmann y Rodríguez, 2013;Torres et al, 2015;Jadán et al, 2015y Almeida , 2017.…”

Velocidade De Carboxilação Da Rubisco E Transporte De Elétrons Em Espécies Arbóreas Em Resposta a Fatores Do Ambiente Na Amazônia Central

“…( ANDRADE et al, 1976;CAMACHO et al, 2001;LIMA FILHO et al, 2004;JADÁN et al, 2015) Myrcia subsericea A. Gray (sinon: Eugenia nitida Vell; Gomidesia nitida (Vell.)…”