Review on the Use of Kojic Acid—A Skin-Lightening Ingredient

Phasha, Vivey; Senabe, Jeremiah; Ndzotoyi, Phatheka; Okole, Blessed; Fouché, Gerda; Chuturgoon, Anil A.

doi:10.3390/cosmetics9030064

Cited by 46 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 57 publications

(119 reference statements)

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“…Thus, the investigation of therapeutic agents that could inhibit melanogenesis is essential for skin depigmentation or lightning treatments. In addition, the currently reported anti-melanogenic agents, such as hydroquinone, kojic acid and arbutin, sometimes produce side effects, including skin irritation and cell toxicity [ 20 , 21 , 22 ]. Hence, finding a potent natural product with melanogenesis-inhibiting activity with few side effects is necessary.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

et al. 2022

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The brown macroalgae Sargassum has been reported for its anti-UV and photoprotective potential for industrial applications. This study evaluated the melanin inhibition activity of Sargassum cristaefolium (SCE) ethanol extract. Melanogenesis inhibition by SCE was assessed in vitro with B16-F10 melanoma cell models and in silico against melanin regulatory proteins Tyrosinase (TYR) and Melanocortin 1 Receptor (MC1R). The regulatory properties evaluated were the melanin content, intracellular tyrosinase activity and cellular antioxidant activities. In addition, the bioactive compounds detected in SCE were subjected to molecular docking against TYR and MC1R. Based on the results, 150 µg/mL SCE effectively inhibited the production of melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity. Cellular tyrosinase activity was reduced by SCE-treated cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The results were comparable to the standard tyrosinase inhibitor kojic acid. In addition, SCE effectively decreased the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in B16-F10 cells. The antioxidant properties may also contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis. In addition, LCMS UHPLC-HR-ESI-MS profiling detected 33 major compounds. The results based on in silico study revealed that the bioactive compound putative kaurenoic acid showed a strong binding affinity against TYR (−6.5 kcal/mol) and MC1R (−8.6 kcal/mol). However, further molecular analyses are needed to confirm the mechanism of SCE on melanin inhibition. Nevertheless, SCE is proposed as an anti-melanogenic and antioxidant agent, which could be further developed into cosmetic skin care products.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

et al. 2022

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“…It is a skin protector from the ultraviolet sun and can whiten the skin. Kojic acid prevents the formation of melanin in human melanocytes due to the reversible inhibition of tyrosinase, but it has some side effects, such as skin irritability and instability 24 .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Leaves

Sholikha

Wulandari

2022

Borneo J Pharm

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Melaleuca leucadendron L. is a plant whose almost all parts (bark, leaves, twigs, and fruit) can be used as medicine, such as antioxidants, antifungals, sedative effects, and anti-hyaluronidase. This research was conducted to determine tyrosinase inhibition activity and compound content of M. leucadendron leaves. Maceration of M. leucadendron leaves was done in methanol, then carried out liquid-liquid fractionation with n-butanol, chloroform, and water. Methanol extract, butanol fraction, chloroform fraction, and water fraction were tested for phytochemical screening and tyrosinase inhibition using L-DOPA substrate with an ELISA plate well reader. The results of the tyrosinase inhibition activity test at concentrations of 100, 1000 and 10000 μg/mL respectively showed that methanol extract 29.532%, 55.227%, 89.583%; butanol fraction 29.313%, 59.174%, 94.737%, chloroform fraction 21.820%, 24.671%; 53.765%; water fraction 24,086%, 47.661%, 91.118%. Inhibition of the tyrosinase enzyme is shown through the IC50 value from methanol extract, butanol fraction and water fraction, and kojic acid as a positive control, respectively 645.438 μg/mL, 517.935 μg/mL, 669.403 μg/mL, 50.064 μg/mL. Phytochemical screening showed that the extract and fraction contained tannins, flavonoids, saponins, terpenes, and steroids. These results indicate that the butanol fraction is more potent as an anti-tyrosinase agent than the others.

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“…Quinic acid is a carboxylic acid with many hydroxy groups (-OH), with potential as an antioxidant by inhibiting oral pathogens [ 29 ]. Kojic acid, on the other hand, is widely used in cosmetic products, especially as a skin-lightening agent [ 28 , 33 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Activity and Metabolite Profiling of Xylocarpus granatum Extracts Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2023

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The potential application of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove species, as traditional medicine has been widely linked to its high secondary metabolite and antioxidant contents. However, few studies have been reported to identify and classify active metabolites responsible for such excellent biological activities. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant activity, identify the metabolite profiles, and predict the metabolites acting as antioxidants in X. granatum extract using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach. The seeds, stems, fruit peel, pulp, leaves, and twigs of X. granatum were macerated with ethanol. Each extract was analyzed with GC-MS, and the data were processed using mass spectrometry data-independent analysis (MS-DIAL) software to identify the metabolites. The IC50 value of plant parts of X. granatum ranged from 7.73 to 295 ppm. A total of 153 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the X. granatum extracts. Among the identified metabolites, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were the two most abundant in the stem extracts and are expected to have the greatest potential as antioxidants. Principal component analysis (PCA) succeeded in grouping all parts of the plant into three groups based on the composition of the metabolites: group 1 (stems, fruit peel, and twigs), group 2 (seeds and pulp), and group 3 (leaves).

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Review on the Use of Kojic Acid—A Skin-Lightening Ingredient

Cited by 46 publications

References 57 publications

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

Brown Macroalgae Sargassum cristaefolium Extract Inhibits Melanin Production and Cellular Oxygen Stress in B16F10 Melanoma Cells

Tyrosinase Inhibition Activity and Phytochemical Screening of Melaleuca leucadendron L. Leaves

Antioxidant Activity and Metabolite Profiling of Xylocarpus granatum Extracts Using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry

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