Traditional medication method in Bali use the Ayurveda principle known as Usadha. Usadha used herb or fruit as main component of medicine. One of them is Malaka fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) and commonly in Bali known as kalimaka, kalimoko, kamlika. Malaka can be processed through boiling using water and consumed as traditional drink (loloh). Malaka fruit has been known to contain vitamin C as antioxidant. Therefore, this research aims to determinant the antioxidant activity of malaka fruit loloh using DPPH (2,2-difenil-1-pikrillhidrazil). The result showed that malaka fruit loloh obtained was antioxidant activity with antioxidant capacity 164 mg/100 mL and IC50 691,1 µg/Ml. Further contains vitamin C obtained was 0,184 mg/100mL, Flavonoid was 3,15 mg/100mL, phenol was 375 mg/100mL and tannin was 546 mg/mL. Based on these result malaka fruit loloh can be use as on alternative for traditional medication.
In Indonesia, Gynura procumbens (Lour.) Merr., known as Longevity Spinach or Sambung Nyawa, is commonly grown in tropical and subtropical Asian countries. Many biological activities of G. procumbens have been reported. As we know, the composition and concentration of metabolites, as well as plant parts will significantly affect the biological activities. In this work, UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap-HRMS was used for the putative identification of metabolites present in 70% ethanol extract of G. procumbens leaves and stem extract. Also, we performed clustering of G. procumbens leaves and stem extracts using principal component analysis (PCA) with the peak area of the identified metabolites as the variable. Thirty-one metabolites were identified, and the number of identified peaks in the leaves is higher than in the stem. Those identified metabolites are phenolics, fatty acids, oxo monocarboxylic acids, porphyrins, and chlorophyll fragments. The PCA results showed that the leaves and stem extracts could be grouped, indicating that the composition and concentration of detected compounds differed.
The potential application of Xylocarpus granatum, a mangrove species, as traditional medicine has been widely linked to its high secondary metabolite and antioxidant contents. However, few studies have been reported to identify and classify active metabolites responsible for such excellent biological activities. Therefore, the aim of this work was to determine the antioxidant activity, identify the metabolite profiles, and predict the metabolites acting as antioxidants in X. granatum extract using a gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach. The seeds, stems, fruit peel, pulp, leaves, and twigs of X. granatum were macerated with ethanol. Each extract was analyzed with GC-MS, and the data were processed using mass spectrometry data-independent analysis (MS-DIAL) software to identify the metabolites. The IC50 value of plant parts of X. granatum ranged from 7.73 to 295 ppm. A total of 153 metabolites were identified and confirmed in the X. granatum extracts. Among the identified metabolites, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were the two most abundant in the stem extracts and are expected to have the greatest potential as antioxidants. Principal component analysis (PCA) succeeded in grouping all parts of the plant into three groups based on the composition of the metabolites: group 1 (stems, fruit peel, and twigs), group 2 (seeds and pulp), and group 3 (leaves).
The leaves of Annona muricata (sirsak), Gynura procumbens (sambung nyawa), and Typhonium flagelliforme (keladi tikus) have been used as traditional medicines in Indonesia. This study aims to determine the antioxidant capacity and putatively identified phenolics from the leaves of three medicinal plants forementioned above. We used the DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method for measuring radical scavenging (antioxidant assay) while the phenolics profiling was determined using UHPLC-Q-Orbitrap HRMS. The results showed that the percentage of radical scavenging activity of G. procumbens leaves extract in ethanol was higher than the other two plants. Phenolics profiling of the three medicinal plants was identified with 38 compounds belonging to flavones and flavanols hydroxycinnamic acid, and several other groups. The number of metabolites identified putatively was 12, 31, and 19 metabolites in the extracts of A. muricata, G. procumbens, and T. flagelliforme, respectively. The results confirmed the correlation between the phenolics presence and the antioxidant capacity of three plants used in this study.
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